Characteristics of building fragility curves for seismic and non-seismic tsunamis: case studies of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi–Palu, and 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamis

Abstract

Abstract. Indonesia has experienced several tsunamis triggered by seismic and non-seismic (i.e., landslides) sources. These events damaged or destroyed coastal buildings and infrastructure and caused considerable loss of life. Based on the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) guidelines, this study assesses the empirical tsunami fragility to the buildings inventory of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi–Palu, and 2004 Indian Ocean (Khao Lak–Phuket, Thailand) tsunamis. Fragility curves represent the impact of tsunami characteristics on structural components and express the likelihood of a structure reaching or exceeding a damage state in response to a tsunami intensity measure. The Sunda Strait and Sulawesi–Palu tsunamis are uncommon events still poorly understood compared to the Indian Ocean tsunami (IOT), and their post-tsunami databases include only flow depth values. Using the TUNAMI two-layer model, we thus reproduce the flow depth, the flow velocity, and the hydrodynamic force of these two tsunamis for the first time. The flow depth is found to be the best descriptor of tsunami damage for both events. Accordingly, the building fragility curves for complete damage reveal that (i) in Khao Lak–Phuket, the buildings affected by the IOT sustained more damage than the Sunda Strait tsunami, characterized by shorter wave periods, and (ii) the buildings performed better in Khao Lak–Phuket than in Banda Aceh (Indonesia). Although the IOT affected both locations, ground motions were recorded in the city of Banda Aceh, and buildings could have been seismically damaged prior to the tsunami's arrival, and (iii) the buildings of Palu City exposed to the Sulawesi–Palu tsunami were more susceptible to complete damage than the ones affected by the IOT, in Banda Aceh, between 0 and 2 m flow depth. Similar to the Banda Aceh case, the Sulawesi–Palu tsunami load may not be the only cause of structural destruction. The buildings' susceptibility to tsunami damage in the waterfront of Palu City could have been enhanced by liquefaction events triggered by the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake.

Coastal Vulnerability Study on Potential Impact of Tsunami and Community Resilience in Pacitan Bay East Java

“…In addition, combining risk and vulnerability analysis is very important for disaster risk managers to predict the potential consequences of future natural disaster events, allowing them to make risk-informed decisions in particular land-use development (Paulik et al, 2019). Tsunami risk analysis involves a thorough understanding of the tsunami hazard in any given coastal location and its vulnerability, which is supported by historical and projected changes in development and population (Lahcene et al, 2021;Satake et al, 2020).…”

“…According to reports from The National Disaster Management Agency, there were 177 tsunami disasters in Indonesia from 1629 to 2018, with eight massives causing severe damage and countless casualties. Since the 2004 tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia has also experienced several large-scale tsunamis, including in 2006 in Pangandaran West Java and 2018 in the Sunda Strait and Palu, Central Sulawesi (De Silva et al, 2021;Lahcene et al, 2021). The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) classifies regions in Indonesia that are prone to tsunami disasters into 21 regions, including Nangroe Aceh Darussalam, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Bengkulu, Lampung-Banten, Southern of Central and East tsunamis make the concept of hazard mitigation an important part of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).…”

Variable passing method for combining 3D MPM–FEM hybrid and 2D shallow water simulations of landslide‐induced tsunamis

“…In view of this, 2D computations have been widely used for simulating large-scale offshore wave propagation because of their technical simplicity and lower computational costs compared to fully 3D computations. Several studies of landslide-triggered tsunamis using the shallow-water (SW) model have been conducted thus far [17][18][19] and have demonstrated the high capability in characterizing wide-range offshore wave propagation due to landslides; see also Reference 20 for a concise review. Even though 2D approaches are capable of simulating tsunami propagation over a wide area, there are limitations in the performance of representing 3-D effects of submarine landslides that are necessary to obtain more reliable inputs of tsunami propagation to coastal areas.…”

Scenario-based multi-risk assessment from existing single-hazard vulnerability models. An application to consecutive earthquakes and tsunamis in Lima, Peru

“…Moreover, the definition of the damage scale depends on the building type (Hill and Rossetto, 2008) and the likely failure mechanisms that it can experience under the action of specific hazard intensity measures (IM) (Vamvatsikos et al, 2010;Selva, 2013). Therefore, the observable damage features on individual structural or non-structural components that jointly describe a certain damage state can have contrasting descriptions across various hazard-dependent vulnerability types (Gehl and D'Ayala, 2018;Figueiredo et al, 2021) and there is often not a 1:1 relation between them for the case of earthquakes and tsunamis (Bonacho and Oliveira, 2018;Lahcene et al, 2021). The reasons behind such a mismatching between the definitions of damage states may arise from the absence of standard formats for damage data collection across regions and across the several vulnerability types of interest (Mas et al, 2020;Frucht et al, 2021).…”