Characteristics and temporal evolution of particulate emissions from a ship diesel engine

Mueller, Laarnie; Jakobi, Gert; Czech, Hendryk; Scheibe, Benjamin; Orasche, J.; Arteaga-Salas, José M.; Karg, Erwin; Elsässer, M.; Sippula, Olli; Streibel, Thorsten; Slowik, Jay G.; Prévôt, Andrê S. H.; Jokiniemi, Jorma; Rabe, R.; Harndorf, Horst; Michalke, Bernhard; Schnelle-Kreis, Jürgen; Zimmermann, Ralf

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.05.115

Cited by 82 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In general, the intensive optical properties of marine engine PM may vary between studies. In our present study, we have observed similar optical properties to those observed in the study described by Mueller et al (), as discussed in detail in section S5. Further measurements are required to describe the degree to which engine‐to‐engine variability may influence these properties.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The emission factors relative to engine power (in units of mg/kWh) for OM, sulfates, rBC, and nitrates from this engine were similar to those reported by Mueller et al () for this engine. For all three fuels, OM emissions dominated the total PM mass with little sensitivity to engine load.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Ship engine PM contains significant amounts of organic PM (OM) as well as black carbon (BC; Buffaloe et al, ; Lack et al, ; Mueller et al, ; Price et al, ). When heavy fuel oil (HFO) is used, sulfates also contribute significantly to PM mass (Lack et al, ; Mueller et al, ; Popovicheva et al, ). Typically, BC contributes a relatively small fraction to the mass of HFO PM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brown and Black Carbon Emitted by a Marine Engine Operated on Heavy Fuel Oil and Distillate Fuels: Optical Properties, Size Distributions, and Emission Factors

et al. 2018

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We characterized the chemical composition and optical properties of particulate matter (PM) emitted by a marine diesel engine operated on heavy fuel oil (HFO), marine gas oil (MGO), and diesel fuel (DF). For all three fuels, ∼80% of submicron PM was organic (and sulfate, for HFO at higher engine loads). Emission factors varied only slightly with engine load. Refractory black carbon (rBC) particles were not thickly coated for any fuel; rBC was therefore externally mixed from organic and sulfate PM. For MGO and DF PM, rBC particles were lognormally distributed in size (mode at d rBC ≈120 nm). For HFO, much larger rBC particles were present. Combining the rBC mass concentrations with in situ absorption measurements yielded an rBC mass absorption coefficient MAC BC,780 nm of 7.8 ± 1.8 m 2 /g at 780 nm for all three fuels. Using positive deviations of the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) from unity to define brown carbon (brC), we found that brC absorption was negligible for MGO or DF PM (AAE(370,880 nm) ≈ 1.0 ± 0.1) but typically 50% of total 370-nm absorption for HFO PM. Even at 590 nm, ∼20 of the total absorption was due to brC. Using absorption at 880 nm as a reference for BC absorption and normalizing to organic PM mass, we obtained a MAC OM,370 nm of 0.4 m 2 /g at typical operating conditions. Furthermore, we calculated an imaginary refractive index of (0.045 ± 0.025)( ∕370 nm) −3 for HFO PM at 370 nm> > 660 nm, more than twofold greater than previous recommendations. Climate models should account for this substantial brC absorption in HFO PM. Plain Language SummaryWe characterized the fundamental properties of marine engine exhaust that are relevant to its aerosol-radiation interactions in climate models. In particular, we focussed on "brown carbon" light absorption (i.e., absorption in excess of that expected for the black carbon in canonical soot). We found that brown carbon can increase the direct radiative forcing of heavy-fuel-oil ship exhaust by 18% over snow.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brown and Black Carbon Emitted by a Marine Engine Operated on Heavy Fuel Oil and Distillate Fuels: Optical Properties, Size Distributions, and Emission Factors

et al. 2018

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“…When we compiled the BC emissions data using weightings for the typical engine loads used in fishing operations, we found similar emission factors for both low and high fuel sulfur contents. These results are consistent with a recent test‐rig study that used high sulfur HFO, and low sulfur distillate fuels on the same engine and found BC emissions were unaffected by fuel type [ Mueller et al , ]…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Emissions and climate forcing from global and Arctic fishing vessels

McKuin

Campbell

2016

JGR Atmospheres

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Fishing vessels were recently found to be the largest source of black carbon ship emissions in the Arctic, suggesting that the fishing sector should be a focus for future studies. Here we developed a global and Arctic emissions inventory for fishing vessel emissions of short‐lived and long‐lived climate forcers based on data from a wide range of vessel sizes, fuel sulfur contents, engine types, and operational characteristics. We found that previous work generally underestimated emissions of short‐lived climate forcers due to a failure to account for small fishing vessels as well as variability in emission factors. In particular, global black carbon emissions were underestimated by an order of magnitude. Furthermore, our order of magnitude estimate of the net climate effect from these fishing vessel emissions suggests that short‐lived climate forcing may be particularly important in regions where fuel has a low sulfur content. These results have implications for proposed maritime policies and provide a foundation for future climate simulations to forecast climate change impacts in the Arctic.

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“…Previous studies (Petzold et al, 2008;Mueller et al, 2011;Moldanová et al, 2013;Mueller et al, 2015) have examined particulate emissions from shipping, including airborne measurements of black carbon in shipping plumes, rather than their effects on ambient concentrations; Moldanová et al (2013) found that Elemental Carbon (which should be closely correlated with black carbon) formed 10-38% of the PM mass. González et al (2011), looked at pollutants including black carbon in the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, where the black carbon was dominated by vehicle emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation into the Effects of Off-Shore Shipping Emissions on Coastal Black Carbon Concentrations

Butterfield

Quincey

2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Shipping emissions are recognised as a significant but poorly understood contributor to air pollution in the UK. Away from port, lower grade fuels are permitted to be used, to the extent that sulphur emissions from shipping were forecast to exceed those from all land-based sources in the EU by 2020. To examine the impact of black carbon emissions from shipping, an Aethalometer was installed at Goonhilly Downs on the Lizard peninsula in Cornwall UK, which is typically downwind of busy shipping lanes, with very low background pollution levels, for a full year starting in November 2012. Black carbon and UV component concentrations were combined with local wind speed and direction data to differentiate between shipping emissions, local sources and long-range transport. Black carbon concentrations were compared with PM 2.5 mass concentrations from Plymouth Centre to allow for the influence of changes in regional background particulate concentrations. Black carbon concentrations showed no substantial increment above other rural UK locations, although some time periods show small elevated concentrations which could be attributed to emissions from the nearby shipping lanes. The long-term (annual) average contribution to black carbon concentrations from off-shore shipping is estimated to be less than 0.1 µg m -3 , with the hourly peak values being in the range 1-2 µg m -3 .

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Characteristics and temporal evolution of particulate emissions from a ship diesel engine

Cited by 82 publications

References 49 publications

Brown and Black Carbon Emitted by a Marine Engine Operated on Heavy Fuel Oil and Distillate Fuels: Optical Properties, Size Distributions, and Emission Factors

Brown and Black Carbon Emitted by a Marine Engine Operated on Heavy Fuel Oil and Distillate Fuels: Optical Properties, Size Distributions, and Emission Factors

Emissions and climate forcing from global and Arctic fishing vessels

An Investigation into the Effects of Off-Shore Shipping Emissions on Coastal Black Carbon Concentrations

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