Chapter 8 Enkephalins in the vertebrate retina

Endogenous opiates in the chick retina and their role in form-deprivation myopia

“…The distribution of ME-IR found here in control, light-adapted retina corresponded well with the previously described structure of ENSLI cells (Brecha et al, 1979;Watt et al, 1985;Morgan et al, 1994 ). ME-IR content in the amacrine cells and IPL in the chick retina have been reported previously to be light dependent, with levels increasing in the light and decreasing in the dark (Millar et al, 1984;Watt et al, 1985). Results here, using the Walsh antiserum, correspond well with these previous findings showing increased intensity of staining in the light-adapted retina compared to the dark-adapted retina.…”

Endogenous opiates in the chick retina and their role in form-deprivation myopia

“…The distribution of ME-IR found here in control, light-adapted retina corresponded well with the previously described structure of ENSLI cells (Brecha et al, 1979;Watt et al, 1985;Morgan et al, 1994 ). ME-IR content in the amacrine cells and IPL in the chick retina have been reported previously to be light dependent, with levels increasing in the light and decreasing in the dark (Millar et al, 1984;Watt et al, 1985). Results here, using the Walsh antiserum, correspond well with these previous findings showing increased intensity of staining in the light-adapted retina compared to the dark-adapted retina.…”

Enkephalin-immunoreactive ganglion cells in the pigeon retina

“…The pattern of ENK-LI in the pigeon retina appeared to be generally similar to the pattern described for the retina of several vertebrates (reviews in Brecha, 1983;Brecha & Karten, 1985;Brecha et al, 1984;Watt et al, 19856), in terms of the occur-rence of a population of small ENK-LI amacrine cells that arborize in several laminae of the IPL, especially in layer 5. Additional cell types exhibiting ENK-LI were observed in the pigeon retina that have not been described in other retinae.…”

Endo‐Oligopeptidase A., a Putative Enkephalin‐Generating Enzyme, in the Vertebrate Retina

“…The specific activity of EOPA was higher in the pigeon retina than in the rabbit retina, which may be a peculiarity of the avian retina. Coincidentally, the opioid system appears to be more developed in the avian retina than in the mammalian retina (Brecha et a]., 1979;Altschuler et al, 1982;Slaughter et al, 1985;Watt et al, 1985;Boelen et al, 1989).…”

“…brain, contains an extensively characterized opioid system (Altschuler et al, 1982;Tornqvist et al, 1982;Brecha et al, 1984; for review, see Watt et al, 1985). Given its well known laminar organization and general morphology (Ram6n y Cajal, 1892;Polyak, 194 1 ;Ehinger and Dowling, 1987), the retina may represent a simple model for investigating the functional role of EOPA in enkephalin generation.…”

Endogenous opiates in the chick retina and their role in form-deprivation myopia

“…The distribution of ME-IR found here in control, light-adapted retina corresponded well with the previously described structure of ENSLI cells (Brecha et al, 1979;Watt et al, 1985;Morgan et al, 1994 ). ME-IR content in the amacrine cells and IPL in the chick retina have been reported previously to be light dependent, with levels increasing in the light and decreasing in the dark (Millar et al, 1984;Watt et al, 1985). Results here, using the Walsh antiserum, correspond well with these previous findings showing increased intensity of staining in the light-adapted retina compared to the dark-adapted retina.…”

Enkephalin-immunoreactive ganglion cells in the pigeon retina

“…The pattern of ENK-LI in the pigeon retina appeared to be generally similar to the pattern described for the retina of several vertebrates (reviews in Brecha, 1983;Brecha & Karten, 1985;Brecha et al, 1984;Watt et al, 19856), in terms of the occur-rence of a population of small ENK-LI amacrine cells that arborize in several laminae of the IPL, especially in layer 5. Additional cell types exhibiting ENK-LI were observed in the pigeon retina that have not been described in other retinae.…”

Endo‐Oligopeptidase A., a Putative Enkephalin‐Generating Enzyme, in the Vertebrate Retina

“…The specific activity of EOPA was higher in the pigeon retina than in the rabbit retina, which may be a peculiarity of the avian retina. Coincidentally, the opioid system appears to be more developed in the avian retina than in the mammalian retina (Brecha et a]., 1979;Altschuler et al, 1982;Slaughter et al, 1985;Watt et al, 1985;Boelen et al, 1989).…”

“…brain, contains an extensively characterized opioid system (Altschuler et al, 1982;Tornqvist et al, 1982;Brecha et al, 1984; for review, see Watt et al, 1985). Given its well known laminar organization and general morphology (Ram6n y Cajal, 1892;Polyak, 194 1 ;Ehinger and Dowling, 1987), the retina may represent a simple model for investigating the functional role of EOPA in enkephalin generation.…”

Endogenous opiates in the chick retina and their role in form-deprivation myopia

“…The distribution of ME-IR found here in control, light-adapted retina corresponded well with the previously described structure of ENSLI cells (Brecha et al, 1979;Watt et al, 1985;Morgan et al, 1994 ). ME-IR content in the amacrine cells and IPL in the chick retina have been reported previously to be light dependent, with levels increasing in the light and decreasing in the dark (Millar et al, 1984;Watt et al, 1985). Results here, using the Walsh antiserum, correspond well with these previous findings showing increased intensity of staining in the light-adapted retina compared to the dark-adapted retina.…”

Enkephalin-immunoreactive ganglion cells in the pigeon retina

“…The pattern of ENK-LI in the pigeon retina appeared to be generally similar to the pattern described for the retina of several vertebrates (reviews in Brecha, 1983;Brecha & Karten, 1985;Brecha et al, 1984;Watt et al, 19856), in terms of the occur-rence of a population of small ENK-LI amacrine cells that arborize in several laminae of the IPL, especially in layer 5. Additional cell types exhibiting ENK-LI were observed in the pigeon retina that have not been described in other retinae.…”

Endo‐Oligopeptidase A., a Putative Enkephalin‐Generating Enzyme, in the Vertebrate Retina

“…The specific activity of EOPA was higher in the pigeon retina than in the rabbit retina, which may be a peculiarity of the avian retina. Coincidentally, the opioid system appears to be more developed in the avian retina than in the mammalian retina (Brecha et a]., 1979;Altschuler et al, 1982;Slaughter et al, 1985;Watt et al, 1985;Boelen et al, 1989).…”

“…brain, contains an extensively characterized opioid system (Altschuler et al, 1982;Tornqvist et al, 1982;Brecha et al, 1984; for review, see Watt et al, 1985). Given its well known laminar organization and general morphology (Ram6n y Cajal, 1892;Polyak, 194 1 ;Ehinger and Dowling, 1987), the retina may represent a simple model for investigating the functional role of EOPA in enkephalin generation.…”