Chapter 3

SGC, Servicio Geológico Colombiano

doi:10.32685/pub.esp.38.2019.03

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 68 publications

(126 reference statements)

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“…It has associated a 1 km long, lava flow deposit, massive to clastogenic on the front, gray to reddish in color, with olivine phenocrystals. It is locally covered by pyroclastic fall deposits from the Cerro Machín Volcano dated in 5000 y BP (Méndez, 2000).…”

Section: Ibagué-cajamarcamentioning

confidence: 99%

Chapter 10

SGC¹

2019

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Small-volume basaltic volcanoes in Colombia are located on the eastern flank of the Central Cordillera and in the Upper Magdalena Valley, in a rear-arc position with respect to the active arc front. These are mainly small volcanoes that form predominantly scoria cones with associated lava flows, pyroclastic rings, and isolated lava flows, which have a composition that varies from highly subsaturated nephelinites, basanites, and alkaline basalts to basalts and subalkaline andesites. In rear-arc position to the segments of the active volcanic front, three main groups are recognized with this type of volcanoes. The first group, located in the south, has been recognized mainly through photogeological studies in Nariño, Putumayo, and Caquetá Departments. From this group, only the nephelinic Sibundoy Volcano (Muchivioy) has been directly studied through field-based geological observations. A second group in the Huila Department has been denominated in the literature with the name of "Alkalibasaltic Volcanic Province", in which three monogenetic volcanic fields are defined: Moscopán, Isnos-San Agustín, and Acevedo, taking into account their geographical position, geochemical characteristics, and structural setting. However, the interaction of the tectonic and structural factors give rise to differences and similarities in the products emitted by these volcanoes, making this volcanic province a clear example of the difficulty of defining a monogenetic volcanic field. In addition, in this group, for the first time four scoria cones with associated lava flows are reported, that were previously known as "Basaltos de Acevedo" of ultramafic character. The third group, called in this work the Metaima Monogenetic Volcanic Field, is located in the Tolima Department and corresponds to basalt and calc-alkaline high-magnesium (Mg# = 65-70) basaltic andesites that may represent primary magmas.The presence of this volcanism inferred to be related to the complex tectonic configuration of the Andean North Volcanic Zone due to the rupture of the Farallón Plate and the formation of the Panamá Basin in the Miocene. Despite the lack of radiometric dating, this volcanism likely spams an age range from the Pliocene -Pleistocene (?) to the Holocene based on their morphometry, preservation, or stratigraphic considerations. The geomorphology and the preliminary morphometric analysis of the volcanic centers suggest a very recent age for some of them, even with the possibility of having been formed by historical eruptions, according to some reports that should be analyzed in greater detail.

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Section: Ibagué-cajamarcamentioning

confidence: 99%

Chapter 10

SGC¹

2019

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Lithospheric and Slab Configurations From Receiver Function Imaging in Northwestern South America, Colombia

2022

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The northwestern corner of South America presents a highly complex geodynamical setting including the convergence between South America, Nazca, and Caribbean plates; which also entails heterogeneity and complexity in the lithospheric structure. Here, we present depth‐migrated common‐conversion point (CCP) teleseismic receiver function profiles carried out using seismological data between 2011 and 2020 from the Colombian Geological Service, combined with some stations of observatories and international networks. These profiles provide better constraints on the lateral interpretation of the main lithospheric discontinuities in this region. We provide an updated crustal thickness map displaying some differences from previous studies, especially in the northernmost part of the cordilleran system. Our results also show some intracrustal features such as the regional detachment surface beneath the Eastern Cordillera and the presence of deep melt reservoirs under the Central Cordillera and the Paipa‐Iza complex in the Eastern Cordillera. We also discuss the lithospheric thickness and the potential existence of a highly hydrated and serpentinized mantle wedge under the forearc over the slab segment south of the Caldas tear. Furthermore, the CCP profiles further support the subduction system segmentation under northwestern South America, with at least five slab segments, two of them overlapping between ∼5.5 and ∼8°N, three belonging to the Nazca plate, and two having a Caribbean origin. The Bucaramanga nest appears to be linked to the interaction between the two northmost slab segments, while the Cauca cluster might be related to a slab dehydration process of a highly fractured zone.

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Modelling pre-Hispanic settlement patterns in Alto de Toche, Colombia

Velandia,

Ramírez,

Carvajal

et al. 2024

Virtual Archaeol. Rev.

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Highlights: The research contributes to a better understanding of the forms of settlement in the ancient landscape of Alto de Toche, influenced by Cerro Machin Volcano disaster risk. A terrain modelling reconstructed a geoarchaeological mountain landscape, composed of massive systems of terraces at Alto de Toche Wax Palm cloud forest. From digital photogrammetry in fieldwork, three sites were detailed. A DEM of the settlement pattern projected 37 possible new terraces. The resulting map is accessible in an ArcGIS-online web application. Abstract: The enhancement of the archaeological terraces on the Alto de Toche and the Wax Palm forest is unprecedented. The Toche region in Colombia contains an outstanding anthropised ecosystems presence (8000 BP), characterised by complex inherited cultural patterns, according to the evidences on the eastern margin of the Andes Central Cordillera. The research focused on i) the cultural landscape of the Premontane and Montane Cloud Forests of the Alto de Toche, built by the Toches; ii) its high-altitude settlements, interpreted as a strategy of ecological knowledge, deeply linked to their symbolic understanding of the landscape. Fieldwork in three sets of tambos (terraces for habitational settlements) in La Carbonera, Gallego, and Las Cruces sites was analysed using remote sensing, drone digital photogrammetry, and on-site data. Their interpretation projected a settlement pattern; a typological-topological tambos classification inferred its possible functions such as sighting, funerary, and dwelling, from 2600 MASL to biggest sites at 3000 MASL, related to the sun-moon proximity presumed for gatherings. The authors conclude that the patterns respond to a territorial understanding of its resources and the vertical exploitation of the agricultural thermal floors and micro-watersheds, associated with the east-west solar illumination over both sides of the Tochecito River basin; linked with the transit between ridges and steep slopes, through the network of pathways that originated the Quindío Trail. Data were projected crossing field-data photogrammetry with GIS spatial analysis; this resulted in a terrain model that reconstructs a geoarchaeological landscape composed of massive systems of tambos. Thirty-seven new sites were classified, twenty of them above 2800 MASL. The resulting terrain model facilitates a non-invasive previous prospection for fieldwork planning and a more feasible knowledge of accessibility, due to on-site transit difficulties (steep slopes and very unstable soil due to cattle ranching). Finally, the terrain model was uploaded in an easy-to-access ArcGIS-online web application for sharing with community stakeholders and visiting scientists.

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Chapter 3

Cited by 3 publications

References 68 publications

Chapter 10

Chapter 10

Lithospheric and Slab Configurations From Receiver Function Imaging in Northwestern South America, Colombia

Modelling pre-Hispanic settlement patterns in Alto de Toche, Colombia

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