Chapter 21 Future prospects for non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes development in monogastric nutrition

Bedford, M.R.

doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-893-3_21

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The term stimbiotic (STB) has been introduced recently and is defined as non-digestible but fermentable additives that stimulate fiber fermentability but at a dose that is too low that the stimbiotic itself could contribute in a meaningful manner to volatile fatty acid (VFA) production [ 4 , 5 ]. Therefore, unlike prebiotics that are quantitatively fermented by the microbiome, STB simply improves the fermentation of fiber that is already present in the diet [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stimbiotic supplementation improved performance and reduced inflammatory response via stimulating fiber fermenting microbiome in weaner pigs housed in a poor sanitary environment and fed an antibiotic-free low zinc oxide diet

et al. 2020

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This study investigated whether the inclusion of a stimbiotic (STB) can improve performance, influence intestinal microbiota and fermentation activity, and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines in piglets fed a low zinc oxide diet without antimicrobial growth promotors compared to fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) and mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) when housed either in good sanitary (GS) or poor sanitary (PS) environments. One hundred forty-four male pigs (28-day-old) were sorted by initial body weight (BW) and allocated to one of six experimental treatments: 1) GS environment without any additive (GS-CTR); 2) GS environment with 0.01% stimbiotic (GS-STB); 3) PS environment (without cleaning and disinfection of a previously populated room) without any additive (PS-CTR); 4) PS environment with 0.01% STB (PS-STB); 5) PS environment with 0.1% MOS (PS-MOS); and 6) PS environment with 0.2% FOS (PS-FOS). Each treatment had six replicates, with four animals each. Three feeding phases, based on corn, wheat, and soybean meal were available ad libitum for the 42-days of the study. Housing piglets under PS conditions negatively influenced performance, increased plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), affected the fecal microbial populations and increased concentrations of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) compared to GS. Stimbiotic improved 42-d-BW under PS conditions (P < 0.05) whereas MOS or FOS had no effect. On d35, plasma TNF-α was reduced with STB in PS (P < 0.05). The ratio between VFA:BCFA increased (P < 0.05) with STB, MOS or FOS in PS, and under GS condition, STB also increased the ratio. Stimbiotic increased the proportion of Clostridiales Family XIII Incertae Sedis and Clostridiaceae, while MOS and FOS increased Selenomonadaceae, Catabacteriaceae and Fibrobacteraceae. These results indicate that STB shifted the intestinal microbiome to favor fiber fermentation which likely contributed to reduced inflammatory response and improved performance, particularly in piglets reared in PS conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mean values for six replicate pens with four piglets per replicate pen 3. CV: coefficient of variation 4. SD, standard deviation.5abcValues within a column with different superscripts are significantly different 6.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimbiotic supplementation improved performance and reduced inflammatory response via stimulating fiber fermenting microbiome in weaner pigs housed in a poor sanitary environment and fed an antibiotic-free low zinc oxide diet

et al. 2020

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“…The mechanism of action of NSPases is much debated; 9–11 thus, improved knowledge within the area is needed to increase their efficacy. Animal experiments are expensive and time consuming and do not allow for detailed investigation of released products in response to enzymes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the digestibility of cereal fractions of wheat, maize, and rice by a carbohydrase complex rich in xylanases and arabinofuranosidases: an in vitro digestion study

et al. 2020

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BACKGROUND Cereal co‐products rich in dietary fibres are increasingly used in animal feed. The high fibre content decreases the digestibility and reduces the nutrient and energy availability, resulting in lower nutritive value. Therefore, this study investigated the ability of two carbohydrase complexes to solubilize cell‐wall polysaccharides, in particular arabinoxylan (AX), from different cereal fractions of wheat, maize, and rice using an in vitro digestion model of the pig gastric and small intestinal digestive system. The first complex (NSPase 1) was rich in cell‐wall‐degrading enzymes, whereas the second complex (NSPase 2) was additionally enriched with xylanases and arabinofuranosidases. The extent of solubilization of insoluble cell‐wall polysaccharides after in vitro digestion was evaluated with gas–liquid chromatography and an enzymatic fingerprint of the AX oligosaccharides was obtained with high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. RESULTS The addition of carbohydrase increased the digestibility of dry matter and solubilized AX in particular, with the greatest effect in wheat fractions and less effect in maize and rice fractions. The solubilization of AX (expressed as xylose release) ranged from 6% to 41%, and there was an increased effect when enriching with xylanases and arabinofuranosidases in wheat aleurone and bran of 19% and 14% respectively. The enzymatic fingerprint of AX oligosaccharides revealed several non‐final hydrolysis products of the enzymes applied, indicating that the hydrolysis of AX was not completed during in vitro digestion. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the addition of a carbohydrase complex can introduce structural alterations under in vitro digestion conditions, and that enrichment with additional xylanases and arabinofuranosidases can boost this effect in wheat, maize, and rice. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

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“…Endoxylanases (i.e., xylanase) are needed to hydrolyze the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds of the main chain; several de-branching enzymes, such as α-arabinofuranosidases, α-arabinofuranohydrolases, α-glucuronidases, α-galacturonidases, and acetyl xylan esterases, are needed to hydrolyze the side chains; β- d -xylosidases are needed to release xylose for the various oligomers produced; and ferulic and p -coumaric acid esterases are required to release phenolics esterified to arabinose ( Dodd and Cann, 2009 ; Stein, 2019 ). However, the complete in vivo saccharification of AX is likely implausible, nor worth the return on investment, due to the vast array of technologies and advancements needed to produce these enzymes in sufficient quantities with proven efficacies to tolerate the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract ( Bedford, 2019 ). Nonetheless, some of these “accessory” enzymes are found in commercially available xylanases, as many are produced from the various microorganisms that produce xylanase, but by and large, endoxylanase is the most readily available commercial carbohydrase that targets AXs.…”

Section: Xylanase and Corn-based Fibermentioning

confidence: 99%

Xylanase supplementation in corn-based swine diets: a review with emphasis on potential mechanisms of action

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2020

Journal of Animal Science

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Corn is a common energy source in pig diets globally; when financially warranted, industrial corn co-products, such as corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), are also employed. The energy provided by corn stems largely from starch, with some contribution from protein, fat, and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). When corn DDGS are used in the diet, it will reduce starch within the diet, increase dietary protein, fat, and NSP levels, and alter the source profile of dietary energy. Arabinoxylans comprise the majority of NSP in corn and its co-products. One strategy to mitigate the antinutritive effects of NSP and improve its contribution to energy is by including carbohydrases within the diet. Xylanase is a carbohydrase that targets the β-(1-4) glycosidic bonds of arabinoxylan, releasing a mixture of smaller polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and pentoses that could potentially be used by the pig. Xylanase is consistently effective in poultry production and moderately consistent in wheat-based swine diets, but its efficacy in corn-based swine diets is quite variable. Xylanase has been shown to improve the digestibility of various components of swine-based diets, but this seldom translates into an improvement in growth performance. Indeed, a review of xylanase literature conducted herein suggest xylanase improves the digestibility of dietary fiber at least 50% of the time in pigs fed corn-based diets, but only 33% and 26% of the time was an increase in average daily gain or feed efficiency observed, respectively. Intriguingly, there has been an abundance of reports proposing xylanase alters intestinal barrier integrity, inflammatory responses, oxidative status, and other health markers in the pig. Notably, xylanase has shown to reduce mortality in both high and low health commercial herds. These inconsistencies in performance metrics, and unexpected health benefits, warrant greater understanding of the in vivo mechanism(s) of action (MOA) of xylanase. While the MOA of xylanase has been postulated considerably in the literature, and widely studied in in vitro settings, in wheat-based diets, and in poultry, there is a dearth of understanding of the in vivo MOA in pigs fed corn-based diets. This purpose of this review is to explore the role of xylanase in corn-based swine diets, discuss responses observed when supplemented in diets containing corn-based fiber, suggest potential MOA of xylanase, and identify critical research gaps.

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Chapter 21 Future prospects for non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes development in monogastric nutrition

Cited by 11 publications

References 38 publications

Stimbiotic supplementation improved performance and reduced inflammatory response via stimulating fiber fermenting microbiome in weaner pigs housed in a poor sanitary environment and fed an antibiotic-free low zinc oxide diet

Stimbiotic supplementation improved performance and reduced inflammatory response via stimulating fiber fermenting microbiome in weaner pigs housed in a poor sanitary environment and fed an antibiotic-free low zinc oxide diet

Improving the digestibility of cereal fractions of wheat, maize, and rice by a carbohydrase complex rich in xylanases and arabinofuranosidases: an in vitro digestion study

Xylanase supplementation in corn-based swine diets: a review with emphasis on potential mechanisms of action

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