Changing Land Use, Livelihoods and Wildlife Conservation in Maasailand

Homewood, Katherine; Kristjanson, Patti; Trench, Pippa Chenevix

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-87492-0_1

Cited by 43 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…In the rare communities where wildlife revenues do generate a significant proportion of income, it is primarily distributed to households who own land near high-visitation conservation areas. Furthermore, households earning the most from wildlife often invest in land use practices (e.g., cultivation) that may undermine wildlife or pastoral livelihoods [22]. This is consistent with other studies that dispute the widespread assumption that by providing alternative income opportunities, ICDPs can reduce the use of natural resources by local people [1,17].…”

Section: Socio-ecological (Ses) Setting: Identifying Participantssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Pastoralism remains the most important source of income for many in the AKP. Nevertheless, wildlife-based tourism is still viewed as the basis for sustainable development across many of East Africa's rangelands [22]. The Maasailands of Kenya and Tanzania alone generate an estimated $1.5 billion in tourism revenues each year [22].…”

Section: Socio-ecological (Ses) Setting: Identifying Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, wildlife-based tourism is still viewed as the basis for sustainable development across many of East Africa's rangelands [22]. The Maasailands of Kenya and Tanzania alone generate an estimated $1.5 billion in tourism revenues each year [22]. Past policies and many development projects are based on the assumption that community-based or private conservation initiatives will help reduce poverty while maintaining wildlife populations.…”

Section: Socio-ecological (Ses) Setting: Identifying Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Past policies and many development projects are based on the assumption that community-based or private conservation initiatives will help reduce poverty while maintaining wildlife populations. In reality, the benefits from such initiatives are often limited, and there is gathering evidence that these assumptions are unrealistic -both in terms of increasing wildlife populations and reducing poverty [22][23][24][25]. In fact, most wildlife populations across Kenya have declined considerably over the last 30 years despite the work of numerous governments, non-government organizations (NGOs), entrepreneurial initiatives, and scientific research efforts [26,27].…”

Section: Socio-ecological (Ses) Setting: Identifying Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of poverty reduction, Homewood et al [22] demonstrate that across Maasailand, wildlife earnings are poorly distributed among local communities and contribute little earnings when compared to households that rely on livestock, farming, and/or non-farm wage work. In the rare communities where wildlife revenues do generate a significant proportion of income, it is primarily distributed to households who own land near high-visitation conservation areas.…”

Section: Socio-ecological (Ses) Setting: Identifying Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

A participatory approach for modeling alternative future land use scenarios around Nairobi National Park using Bayesian Belief Networks

McCloskey

Lilieholm

Boone

et al. 2011

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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We develop an adaptive and flexible framework for engaging experts and stakeholders at the household-and community-level that have different livelihoods and land use interests within Kenya's Athi-Kaputiei Plains (AKP). We use Bayesian Belief Networks linked to GIS data layers to integrate empirical data and elicited stakeholder knowledge. The process is designed to address problems with past conservation-development strategies by allowing participants to build relationships among people with different land use interests in order to clarify opportunities and constraints, examine assumptions at the design phase of a project, and determine future actions and potential development scenarios. We use an example of four different livelihood groups in the AKP to demonstrate how the process might work to identify suitable areas for alternative land uses (e.g., wildebeest and livestock grazing, crop cultivation, and urban development), and to identify future compatibilities and conflicts between these different land use interests. The modeling process provides a maximal coverage strategy that allows decision makers to target and prioritize areas for protection or development, and to set specific strategies in the face of changing ecological, social, or economic processes. The process is iterative so that revised models can be developed as new data and knowledge arise, thereby Ecosystems and Sustainable Development VIII 43

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Section: Socio-ecological (Ses) Setting: Identifying Participantssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Socio-ecological (Ses) Setting: Identifying Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Socio-ecological (Ses) Setting: Identifying Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Socio-ecological (Ses) Setting: Identifying Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Socio-ecological (Ses) Setting: Identifying Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A participatory approach for modeling alternative future land use scenarios around Nairobi National Park using Bayesian Belief Networks

McCloskey

Lilieholm

Boone

et al. 2011

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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Pastoral resource access and utilization: Quantifying the spatial and temporal relationships between livestock mobility, density and biomass availability in southern Kenya

Butt

2010

Land Degrad. Dev.

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The relationships between pastoralists, livestock, and the environment in dryland Africa are complex. Over the last half-century dominant narratives have portrayed pastoralists and their livestock as being responsible for 'over grazing' and 'degradation' without attention to how resource availability and cattle mobility are spatially distributed and temporally variable. The objective of this study is to test hypotheses on the nature, magnitude, and extent of the spatially and temporally explicit interactions between the density and distribution of pastoral cattle and resource availability. The study relies on coupling remotely sensed vegetation indices with cattle Global Positioning Systems (GPS) collar data for a pastoral community in southern Kenya. Data are temporally stratified in order to account for seasonal effects. Across seasons, there is a positive relationship between cattle mobility and resource availability with the trend more pronounced during drier periods, reflecting a strategy of increased resource access. The relationship between cattle density and vegetation reveals a strategy of increased resource utilization during wetter periods. The spatiality of high-density areas differs by season, revealing that cattle intensively utilize different parts of the landscape at different times. Areas closest to the household are consistently impacted by cattle across all seasons. These findings have implications on how the savanna vegetation may be impacted as trends towards sedentarization and reduced pastoral mobility continue.

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Comparative changes in density and demography of large herbivores in the Masai Mara Reserve and its surrounding human-dominated pastoral ranches in Kenya

et al. 2012

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Wildlife habitats in pastoral lands adjoining protected areas in east African savannas are getting progressively degraded, fragmented and compressed by expanding human populations and intensification of land use. To understand the consequences of these influences on wildlife populations, we contrasted the density and demography of 13 wild and three domestic large herbivores between the Masai Mara National Reserve and the adjoining pastoral ranches using aerial surveys conducted in the wet and dry seasons during 1977-2010. Species of different body sizes and feeding styles had different densities between landscapes and seasons. Small-sized herbivores, requiring short, nutritious grasses, and browsers were more abundant in the ranches than the reserve in both seasons.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (Medium-sized herbivores moved seasonally between landscapes. Larger-bodied herbivores, requiring bulk forage but less susceptible to predation, were more abundant in the reserve than the ranches. The proportions of newborn warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) and juvenile topi (Damaliscus korrigum) were higher in the ranches, with shorter grasses and lower predation risk than in the reserve. These results suggest that pastoral lands adjoining protected areas in African savannas are important as seasonal dispersal and breeding grounds for wild herbivores. However, human population growth and dramatic land use changes are progressively degrading wildlife habitats in pastoral areas, thus restricting the seasonal wildlife dispersal movements between the protected areas and adjoining pastoral lands. Conservation efforts should focus on (1) creating and maintaining functional heterogeneity in protected areas that mimic moderate pastoral grazing conditions to attract small and medium-bodied grazers and (2) securing dispersal areas, including corridors, to ensure continued seasonal large herbivore movements between protected and pastoral systems.

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Changing Land Use, Livelihoods and Wildlife Conservation in Maasailand

Cited by 43 publications

References 69 publications

A participatory approach for modeling alternative future land use scenarios around Nairobi National Park using Bayesian Belief Networks

A participatory approach for modeling alternative future land use scenarios around Nairobi National Park using Bayesian Belief Networks

Pastoral resource access and utilization: Quantifying the spatial and temporal relationships between livestock mobility, density and biomass availability in southern Kenya

Comparative changes in density and demography of large herbivores in the Masai Mara Reserve and its surrounding human-dominated pastoral ranches in Kenya

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