Changes in the Microbiota and their Roles in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Dietary Supplementation with a Cocoa–Carob Blend Modulates Gut Microbiota and Prevents Intestinal Oxidative Stress and Barrier Dysfunction in Zucker Diabetic Rats

“…These results are also in agreement with the polyphenol duplibiotic effect proposed by Rodriguez-Daza et al [40], showing the ability of PPs to modulate the GM by both prebiotic and antimicrobial modes of action. influenced by various factors, such as individual variations [37], the development stages of diabetes [38], and the inherent heterogeneity of the gut microbiota itself [39]. Altogether, we suggest that the beneficial effects of CCB on gut homeostasis could be partly due to the increase in the potentially health-promoting bacterial genera Akermansia and Bacteroides.…”

“…However, no significant association was observed with HbA1c (a long-term measure of glucose control). It is worth noting that previous studies have reported inconsistent or conflicting findings regarding the association between specific bacterial groups and HbA1c levels [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]. This suggests that the relationship between gut microbiota and glycemic control is complex and likely influenced by various factors, such as individual variations [ 37 ], the development stages of diabetes [ 38 ], and the inherent heterogeneity of the gut microbiota itself [ 39 ].…”

“…It is worth noting that previous studies have reported inconsistent or conflicting findings regarding the association between specific bacterial groups and HbA1c levels [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]. This suggests that the relationship between gut microbiota and glycemic control is complex and likely influenced by various factors, such as individual variations [ 37 ], the development stages of diabetes [ 38 ], and the inherent heterogeneity of the gut microbiota itself [ 39 ]. Altogether, we suggest that the beneficial effects of CCB on gut homeostasis could be partly due to the increase in the potentially health-promoting bacterial genera Akermansia and Bacteroides .…”

Perspectives of PCOS Pathophysiology: Exploring the Interplay between PCOS and the Gut Microbiota

“…Hyperandrogenemia and hyperinsulinemia are the principal corner stones of PCOS pathophysiology. He et al, 2023, reported a decrease of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacilli, with an increase in Enterococci abundance and decrease in SCFA concentration in T2D 66 . SCFAs are known to indirectly regulate glucose levels by regulating gluconeogenesis, increasing insulin secretion and controlling appetite 67 .…”

Effects of gut microbiota on neurodegenerative diseases

“…The other detrimental effects caused by the dysbiosis are disruption in the energy metabolism, increased cell death, and modulation of immune response, which contributes to the advancement of various diseases ( Noble et al, 2017 ), adding to the pathogenic mechanisms of several disorders, including neurodegeneration ( Mulak and Bonaz, 2015 ). Dysbiosis has been linked to several other diseases, including: (a) Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): dysbiosis in the GM gut microbiome is associated with IBD, and other gut related disorder like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis ( Di Martino et al, 2023 ); (b) Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): it is associated with dysbiosis, which is characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits ( Körner and Lorentz, 2023 ); (c) Obesity: GM is associated with obesity and has been linked with the dysbiosis due to increased body weight and fat accumulation ( Zhang et al, 2023 ); (d) Type 2 diabetes (T2DM): various studies have demonstrated correlation of T2DM with dysbiosis and stated that may dysbiosis is a contributing factor to T2DM ( He et al, 2023 ); (e) Allergies and Asthma: dysbiosis in the gut and respiratory microbiome has been associated with an increased risk of allergies and asthma ( Kleniewska and Pawliczak, 2023 ); (f) Mental Health disorders: dysbiosis in the gut microbiome has been linked to mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and autism ( Młynarska et al, 2022 ); (g) Autoimmune Diseases: dysbiosis in the GM is correlated with autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS; Ordoñez-Rodriguez et al, 2023 ). In addition, variation in the diversity of GM is associated with aging and aging gut demonstrated a decrease in the microbial diversity ( Cheng et al, 2013 ).…”