Changes in serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances during a 10-year follow-up period in a large population-based cohort

Stubleski, Jordan; Salihović, Samira; Lind, Lars; Lind, P. Monica; Bavel, Bert van; Kärrman, Anna

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.002

Cited by 57 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Also in most of the individual studies contributing to calculations of medians of medians, both for adults and children, these four PFASs were predominant (e.g. Fromme et al., ; Haug et al., 2011b; Bjermo et al., ; Bao et al., ; Denys et al., ; Mørck et al., ; Bach et al., ; Hansen et al., ; Papadopoulou et al., ; Stubleski et al., ; Bartolome et al., ; Grandjean et al., 2017a; Sochorová et al., ; Timmermann et al., 2017a; Averina et al., ; Heffernan et al., ; Ingelido et al., ). As can be noted from Figure , the relative contribution of the different PFASs differs between children and adults.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food

Schrenk¹,

Bignami²,

Bodin³

et al. 2020

EFS2

311

265

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The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances ( PFAS s) in food. Based on several similar effects in animals, toxicokinetics and observed concentrations in human blood, the CONTAM Panel decided to perform the assessment for the sum of four PFAS s: PFOA , PFNA , PFH xS and PFOS . These made up half of the lower bound ( LB ) exposure to those PFAS s with available occurrence data, the remaining contribution being primarily from PFAS s with short half‐lives. Equal potencies were assumed for the four PFAS s included in the assessment. The mean LB exposure in adolescents and adult age groups ranged from 3 to 22, the 95th percentile from 9 to 70 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week. Toddlers and ‘other children’ showed a twofold higher exposure. Upper bound exposure was 4‐ to 49‐fold higher than LB levels, but the latter were considered more reliable. ‘Fish meat’, ‘Fruit and fruit products’ and ‘Eggs and egg products’ contributed most to the exposure. Based on available studies in animals and humans, effects on the immune system were considered the most critical for the risk assessment. From a human study, a lowest BMDL 10 of 17.5 ng/ mL for the sum of the four PFAS s in serum was identified for 1‐year‐old children. Using PBPK modelling, this serum level of 17.5 ng/ mL in children was estimated to correspond to long‐term maternal exposure of 0.63 ng/kg bw per day. Since accumulation over time is important, a tolerable weekly intake ( TWI ) of 4.4 ng/kg bw per week was established. This TWI also protects against other potential adverse effects observed in humans. Based on the estimated LB exposure, but also reported serum levels, the CONTAM Panel concluded that parts of the European population exceed this TWI , which is of concern.

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Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food

Schrenk¹,

Bignami²,

Bodin³

et al. 2020

EFS2

311

265

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“…Due to changes in production and use of PFOS and PFOA, the exposure and thus also blood levels are thought to vary over time (see Section 1.3.4). To explore trends, several European time trend studies have been conducted (Kärrman et al., ; Haug et al., ; Wilhelm et al., ; Sundström et al., ; Glynn et al., ; Schröter‐Kermani et al., ; Yeung et al., ,c; Axmon et al., ; Nøst et al., ; Gebbink et al., ; Liu et al., ; Bjerregaard‐Olesen et al., ; Stubleski et al., ). In general, increasing concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were observed from the early 1970s until around year 2000, while the concentrations have in most studies been observed to decrease after that.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food

Knutsen¹,

Alexander²,

Barregård³

et al. 2018

EFS2

180

199

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The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in food. Regarding PFOS and PFOA occurrence, the final data set available for dietary exposure assessment contained a total of 20,019 analytical results (PFOS n = 10,191 and PFOA n = 9,828). There were large differences between upper and lower bound exposure due to analytical methods with insufficient sensitivity. The CONTAM Panel considered the lower bound estimates to be closer to true exposure levels. Important contributors to the lower bound mean chronic exposure were 'Fish and other seafood', 'Meat and meat products' and 'Eggs and egg products', for PFOS, and 'Milk and dairy products', 'Drinking water' and 'Fish and other seafood' for PFOA. PFOS and PFOA are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, excreted in urine and faeces, and do not undergo metabolism. Estimated human half-lives for PFOS and PFOA are about 5 years and 2-4 years, respectively. The derivation of a health-based guidance value was based on human epidemiological studies. For PFOS, the increase in serum total cholesterol in adults, and the decrease in antibody response at vaccination in children were identified as the critical effects. For PFOA, the increase in serum total cholesterol was the critical effect. Also reduced birth weight (for both compounds) and increased prevalence of high serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (for PFOA) were considered. After benchmark modelling of serum levels of PFOS and PFOA, and estimating the corresponding daily intakes, the CONTAM Panel established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 13 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week for PFOS and 6 ng/kg bw per week for PFOA. For both compounds, exposure of a considerable proportion of the population exceeds the proposed TWIs.

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“…Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in environmental media because of their prolific use in a variety of industrial and consumer products and processes (Jian et al 2018; Sunderland et al 2019). Widespread human exposure to PFAS in water, food, and air coupled with the lengthy environmental persistence and biological half‐lives of some PFAS have led to measurable PFAS in the blood of nearly the entire population in developed countries, with health effects reported globally (Kato et al 2011; Khalil et al 2016; Stubleski et al 2016; Jian et al 2018). Information needed to evaluate the potential risk of harm from PFAS includes the types of adverse health effects that might occur at environmentally relevant exposures, especially in sensitive life stages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Toxicity and Human Health Review: Current State of Knowledge and Strategies for Informing Future Research

Fenton

Ducatman

Boobis

et al. 2020

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

1,001

533

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Reports of environmental and human health impacts of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have greatly increased in the peer‐reviewed literature. The goals of the present review are to assess the state of the science regarding toxicological effects of PFAS and to develop strategies for advancing knowledge on the health effects of this large family of chemicals. Currently, much of the toxicity data available for PFAS are for a handful of chemicals, primarily legacy PFAS such as perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate. Epidemiological studies have revealed associations between exposure to specific PFAS and a variety of health effects, including altered immune and thyroid function, liver disease, lipid and insulin dysregulation, kidney disease, adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes, and cancer. Concordance with experimental animal data exists for many of these effects. However, information on modes of action and adverse outcome pathways must be expanded, and profound differences in PFAS toxicokinetic properties must be considered in understanding differences in responses between the sexes and among species and life stages. With many health effects noted for a relatively few example compounds and hundreds of other PFAS in commerce lacking toxicity data, more contemporary and high‐throughput approaches such as read‐across, molecular dynamics, and protein modeling are proposed to accelerate the development of toxicity information on emerging and legacy PFAS, individually and as mixtures. In addition, an appropriate degree of precaution, given what is already known from the PFAS examples noted, may be needed to protect human health. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:606–630. © 2020 SETAC

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Changes in serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances during a 10-year follow-up period in a large population-based cohort

Cited by 57 publications

References 53 publications

Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food

Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food

Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food

Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Toxicity and Human Health Review: Current State of Knowledge and Strategies for Informing Future Research

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