Changes in Parameters of Bone Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women Following a 12-Month Intervention Period Using Dairy Products Enriched with Calcium, Vitamin D, and Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) or Menaquinone-7 (Vitamin K2): The Postmenopausal Health Study II

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of dairy products enriched with calcium, vitamin D(3), and phylloquinone (vitamin K(1)) or menaquinone-7 (vitamin K(2)) on parameters of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women following a 12-month intervention. Postmenopausal women were divided into three intervention groups and a control group (CG). All three intervention groups attended biweekly sessions and received fortified dairy products providing daily 800 mg of calcium and 10 μg of vitamin D(3) (CaD). Furthermore, in two of the three intervention groups the dairy products were also enriched with vitamin K, providing daily 100 μg of either phylloquinone (CaDK1) or menaquinone-7 (CaDK2). The increase observed for serum 25(OH)D levels in all intervention groups and the increase observed for serum IGF-I levels in the CaDK2 group differed significantly compared to the changes observed in CG (P = 0.010 and P = 0.028, respectively). Furthermore, both the CaDK1 and CaDK2 groups had a significantly lower mean serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin to osteocalcin ratio and urine deoxypyridinoline levels at follow-up compared to the CaD and CG groups (P = 0.001 and P = 0.047, respectively). Significant increases in total-body BMD were observed in all intervention groups compared to CG (P < 0.05), while significant increases in lumbar spine BMD were observed only for CaDK1 and CaDK2 compared to CG (P < 0.05) after controlling for changes in serum 25(OH)D levels and dietary calcium intake. In conclusion, the present study revealed more favorable changes in bone metabolism and bone mass indices for the two vitamin K-supplemented groups, mainly reflected in the suppression of serum levels of bone remodeling indices and in the more positive changes in lumbar spine BMD for these two study groups.

Role of nutritional factor menaquinone-7 in bone homeostasis and osteoporosis prevention

“…Decrease in serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin to osteocalcin ratio and urine deoxypyridinoline levels in both the CaDK1 and CaDK2 groups was also seen as compared to the CaD and control groups [46]. Moreover, significant increases in BMD in total-body and lumbar spine were observed only for CaDK1 and CaDK2 [46]. This study showed more favorable changes in bone metabolism and bone mass with supplementation of vitamin K [46].…”

“…Increase in the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 levels was observed in all intervention groups [46]. Decrease in serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin to osteocalcin ratio and urine deoxypyridinoline levels in both the CaDK1 and CaDK2 groups was also seen as compared to the CaD and control groups [46]. Moreover, significant increases in BMD in total-body and lumbar spine were observed only for CaDK1 and CaDK2 [46].…”

“…Moreover, the effect of dairy products enriched with calcium, vitamin D 3 , and vitamin K 1 or MK-7 on parameters of bone metabolism was shown in postmenopausal women following a 12-month intervention [46]. Postmenopausal women received fortified dairy products providing either daily 800 mg of calcium and 10 μg of vitamin D 3 (CaD) or daily 100 μg of either vitamin K 1 (CaDK1) or MK-7 (CaDK2) [46].…”

“…Postmenopausal women received fortified dairy products providing either daily 800 mg of calcium and 10 μg of vitamin D 3 (CaD) or daily 100 μg of either vitamin K 1 (CaDK1) or MK-7 (CaDK2) [46]. Increase in the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 levels was observed in all intervention groups [46].…”

“…Postmenopausal women received fortified dairy products providing either daily 800 mg of calcium and 10 μg of vitamin D 3 (CaD) or daily 100 μg of either vitamin K 1 (CaDK1) or MK-7 (CaDK2) [46]. Increase in the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 levels was observed in all intervention groups [46]. Decrease in serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin to osteocalcin ratio and urine deoxypyridinoline levels in both the CaDK1 and CaDK2 groups was also seen as compared to the CaD and control groups [46].…”