Changes in Mammographic Densities Induced by a Hormonal Contraceptive Designed to Reduce Breast Cancer Risk

Spicer, Darcy; Ursin, Giske; Parisky, Yuri R.; Pearce, John G.; Shoupe, Donna; Pike, Anne; Pike, Malcolm C.

doi:10.1093/jnci/86.6.431

Cited by 127 publications

(69 citation statements)

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“…Other exposures of potential interest in this context include tamoxifen (27), a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (28), and a low-fat highcarbohydrate diet (29). Although all of these factors are known to influence mammographic density, for none of them is it yet known whether the effects of these variables on density mediate their effects on risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammographic Density as a Surrogate Marker for the Effects of Hormone Therapy on Risk of Breast Cancer

Boyd

Martin

et al. 2006

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: Some types of hormone therapy increase both risk of breast cancer and mammographic density, a risk factor for the disease, suggesting that mammographic density may be a surrogate marker for the effects of hormones on risk of breast cancer. This research was undertaken to determine whether the effect of hormone therapy on breast cancer risk is mediated by its effect on mammographic density. Methods: Individually matched cases and controls from three nested case-control studies in breast screening populations were studied. Cases had developed invasive breast cancer at least 12 months after the initial screen. Information was collected on hormone use and other risk factors at the time of the baseline mammogram, and percent density was measured by a computer-assisted method. Results: There were 1,748 postmenopausal women, of whom 426 (24.4%) were using hormones at the time of

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammographic Density as a Surrogate Marker for the Effects of Hormone Therapy on Risk of Breast Cancer

Boyd

Martin

et al. 2006

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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“…For example, MR measurements could be used to investigate the development of the breast parenchymal patterns with age in high risk subjects, or to assess potential preventative intervention strategies, such as the use of hormone supplements for reducing risk of breast cancer (Spicer et al, 1994), use of tamoxifen (Nayfield et al, 1991) or dietary modification (Boyd et al, 1990). The role of MR parameters in determining strategies for breast cancer screening remain to be determined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative correlation of breast tissue parameters using magnetic resonance and X-ray mammography

Graham

Bronskill²,

Byng³

et al. 1996

Br J Cancer

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Summary Previous investigators have shown that there is a strong association between the fraction of fibroglandular tissue within the breast as determined by X-ray mammography (per cent density) and breast cancer risk. In this study, the quantitative correlation between per cent density and two objective magnetic resonance (MR) parameters of breast tissue, relative water content and mean T2 relaxation time, as investigated for 42 asymptomatic subjects. Using newly developed, rapid techniques MR measurements were performed on a volume-of-interest incorporating equal, representative portions of both breasts. X-ray mammograms of each subject were digitised and analysed semiautomatically to determine per cent density. (Kelsey et al., 1983).More sensitive risk assessment is provided, however, by quantitative methods of classification based on the relative fraction of fibrogandular breast tissue, known as the per cent density (PD), and also by increasing the number of classification categories to define individuals at highest risk more precisely (Brisson et al., 1982;Warner et al., 1992). A quantitative classification scheme using six categories with PD values of 0%, 0-10%, 10-25%, 25-50%, 50-75% and >75% has been applied recently in a nested case-control study of 332 pairs of women selected from the cohort of women in the mammography arm of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (Miller et al., 1992a,b). A 6-fold difference in risk was found between the highest and lowest density categories, and the two upper categories accounted for 44% of incident cancers . This result is particularly significant because breast cancer susceptibility genes (Miki et al., 1994; Wooster et al., 1994) account only for approximately 5-10% of breast cancer incidence, and the established risk factors in combination are known to account for only 25-30% of breast cancer incidence (Seidman et al., 1982). The use of quantitative classification schemes indicates clearly that PD is a major risk factor for breast cancer.Semiautomated methods have been developed to calculate PD and other quantitative parameters as continuous variables from digitised mammograms (Byng et al., 1994). These methods substantially reduce the intra-and interobserver variability traditionally involved in classification, are quite insensitive to variations in mammography technique and are strongly correlated with the six-category classification of mammograms by radiologists.The ability to assess breast cancer risk by parenchymal pattern has several applications, e.g. as a tool to study breast cancer aetiology, or to monitor changes in breast cancer risk during interventional studies. Although most investigations of breast parenchymal patterns have used X-ray mammography to date, other non-hazardous imaging modalities can provide similar, and possibly complementary, risk assessment. For example, a qualitative four-category classification scheme has been developed for breast ultrasonography that correlates with the area of the breast occupied by mammographic density ...

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“…The authors found that women on the contraceptive regimen showed significant (P = 0.039) reduction in mammographic densities between the baseline and 1-year mammograms, compared with control group. In a follow-up of this study (Spicer et al, 1994), 12 months after completion of treatment, the mean percentage of mammographic density in the treated group was no different from that at baseline (P = 0.73). Reductions in mammographic density for this special contraceptive regimen (GnRHA plus low-dose add-back estrogen-progestin) persist only during treatment period.…”

Section: Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Agonistsmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…A special designed contraceptive study (Spicer et al, 1994) randomly assigned 21 patients, 27-40 years of age, with a 5-fold greater than normal risk of breast cancer, in a 2:1 ratio to special contraceptive group (14 women who received GnRHA (leucoprolide acetate) plus very low doses add-back conjugated estrogen and medroxyprogesterone acetate) or to a control group (7 women). The authors found that women on the contraceptive regimen showed significant (P = 0.039) reduction in mammographic densities between the baseline and 1-year mammograms, compared with control group.…”

Section: Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Agonistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammographic Density Under Hormonal and Hormone-Like Treatments

Nastasia¹

2012

Mammography - Recent Advances

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Changes in Mammographic Densities Induced by a Hormonal Contraceptive Designed to Reduce Breast Cancer Risk

Cited by 127 publications

References 0 publications

Mammographic Density as a Surrogate Marker for the Effects of Hormone Therapy on Risk of Breast Cancer

Mammographic Density as a Surrogate Marker for the Effects of Hormone Therapy on Risk of Breast Cancer

Quantitative correlation of breast tissue parameters using magnetic resonance and X-ray mammography

Mammographic Density Under Hormonal and Hormone-Like Treatments

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