Changes in Inflammatory Cytokines and Irisin in Response to High Intensity Swimming in Adolescent versus Adult Male Swimmers

Sanderson, Malcolm; McKinlay, Brandon J; Theocharidis, Alexandros; Kouvelioti, Rozalia; Falk, Bareket; Klentrou, Panagiota

doi:10.3390/sports8120157

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Adults showed a decrease in irisin level after swimming exercise, but the adolescent group did not show a change in irisin level. These results suggest adolescent athletes may have a blunted inflammatory and myokine response following exercise which may explain why young athletes require less recovery time from intense exercise (Table 6) [88].…”

Section: Role Of Irisin On Bone Homeostasis: Clinical Evidencementioning

confidence: 95%

Role of the Myokine Irisin on Bone Homeostasis: Review of the Current Evidence

Kornel

Hartogh

Klentrou

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Bone is a highly dynamic tissue that is constantly adapting to micro-changes to facilitate movement. When the balance between bone building and resorption shifts more towards bone resorption, the result is reduced bone density and mineralization, as seen in osteoporosis or osteopenia. Current treatment strategies aimed to improve bone homeostasis and turnover are lacking in efficacy, resulting in the search for new preventative and nutraceutical treatment options. The myokine irisin, since its discovery in 2012, has been shown to play an important role in many tissues including muscle, adipose, and bone. Evidence indicate that irisin is associated with increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption, leading to reduced risk of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. In addition, low serum irisin levels have been found in individuals with osteoporosis and osteopenia. Irisin targets key signaling proteins, promoting osteoblastogenesis and reducing osteoclastogenesis. The present review summarizes the existing evidence regarding the effects of irisin on bone homeostasis.

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Section: Role Of Irisin On Bone Homeostasis: Clinical Evidencementioning

confidence: 95%

Role of the Myokine Irisin on Bone Homeostasis: Review of the Current Evidence

Kornel

Hartogh

Klentrou

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…In the current study, significant increase (by 8%; p = 0.013) in circulating irisin level immediately after the aerobic rowing exercise was observed, while the increase was trivial (ES = 0.18) in magnitude in female rowers. Only few studies have investigated the response of irisin to acute exercise in athletes, and increases (Kabasakalis et al, 2020), no change (Vassalle et al, 2020;Joro et al, 2021) or even decreases (Sanderson et al, 2020) in irisin concentrations as a result of acute exercise have been observed. In contrast to our results, circulating irisin levels have been reported to be more sensitive to exercise intensity that is known to be an important stimulator for irisin release (Fatouros, 2018;Kabasakalis et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irisin, Fibroplast Growth Factor-21, and Follistatin Responses to Endurance Rowing Training Session in Female Rowers

et al. 2021

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Purpose: This study examined selected myokine responses to an endurance rowing training session, and whether metabolic demands of the acute aerobic rowing exercise together with training volume, aerobic capacity, and body composition variables affect potential exercise-induced changes in the myokine levels in female rowers.Methods: Fifteen national level female rowers [18.3 ± 1.6 years; 172.0 ± 5.0 cm, 67.5 ± 8.8 kg; maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max): 47.2 ± 7.9 ml.min.−1 kg−1] performed a 1-h rowing ergometer exercise at the intensity of 70% of VO2max [distance: 12.1 ± 1.1 km; energy expenditure (EE): 639 ± 69 kcal; heart rate (HR): 151 ± 7 beats.min−1] followed by a 30-min recovery period. Venous blood samples were collected before and after exercise, and analyzed for irisin, fibroplast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), and follistatin conentrations.Results: Plasma irisin and FGF-21 concentrations were increased (by 8%; p = 0.013 and by 13%; p < 0.0001, respectively) immediately after the aerobic rowing exercise. Follistatin was significantly increased (by 11%; p = 0.001) only after the first 30 min of recovery. Exercise metabolic demand variables such as distance covered and total EE were correlated with the pre-to-post-exercise increases in FGF-21 concentrations (r = 0.52; p = 0.047 and r = 0.68; p = 0.005, respectively). Exercise-induced increases in irisin levels were related to aerobic capacity as measured by VO2max (r = 0.53; p = 0.041) and training stress as measured by weekly training volume (r = 0.54; p = 0.039) in female rowers.Conclusion: Acute negative energy balance induced by a single endurance rowing training session elicited significant increases in irisin, FGF-21, and follistatin levels in national level female rowers. While exercise-induced increases in FGF-21 levels were associated with exercise metabolic demand measures, exercise-induced increases in irisin concentrations were related to aerobic capacity and training stress measures in female rowers.

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“…These variables must be accounted for to understand the differences when assessing training programs and evaluating performance. Also, it should be noted that high-intensity interval exercise leads to different inflammatory markers in adult and adolescent swimmers [11]. Different effects of adult training content on adolescent athletes should also be considered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of 12 Weeks of High-, Moderate-, and Low-Volume Training on Performance Parameters in Adolescent Swimmers

Karabıyık,

Gülü,

Yapici

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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Swimming, an Olympic sport with diverse distances and energy systems, requires early specialization for elite success. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a fundamental method used by swimmers to enhance performance, offering both aerobic and anaerobic benefits. This study aimed to examine the effects of a 12-week HIIT program with varying volumes on adolescent swimmers’ performance parameters. A total of 50 participants were divided into three groups High Intensity Low Volume (HILV), Moderate Intensity Moderate Volume (MIMV), Low Intensity High Volume (LIHV), and their training sessions consisted of 10 sets with 60 s rest intervals between repetitions and 3 min rest intervals between sets. The intensity was determined based on a pre-test 100 m times. The results indicate significant improvements in anthropometric measurements, including weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), and body fat percentage, within each group, with no significant differences between groups. Swimming performance for various distances (50 m, 100 m, 200 m, and 800 m) showed significant temporal improvements in all groups, with stroke parameters such as stroke rate and length also exhibiting significant improvements (p < 0.05). Resting heart rate and swimming performance at 100 m and 200 m differed significantly between groups, highlighting the impact of training volume on specific outcomes. In conclusion, this study highlights the positive impact of interval training on the swimming time (50 m, 100 m, 200 m, and 800 m), stroke rate (SR), strokes per length (SPL), stroke length (SL), Borg scale (BS) for various distances, emphasizing the need for tailored training programs to maximize their development and potential.

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Changes in Inflammatory Cytokines and Irisin in Response to High Intensity Swimming in Adolescent versus Adult Male Swimmers

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

Role of the Myokine Irisin on Bone Homeostasis: Review of the Current Evidence

Role of the Myokine Irisin on Bone Homeostasis: Review of the Current Evidence

Irisin, Fibroplast Growth Factor-21, and Follistatin Responses to Endurance Rowing Training Session in Female Rowers

Effects of 12 Weeks of High-, Moderate-, and Low-Volume Training on Performance Parameters in Adolescent Swimmers

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