Changes in Essential Oil Composition, Polyphenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) Populations in Response to Water Deficit

Abstract

Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) is considered a valuable spice plant with a high thymol content. Seed yield, essential oil constituents, polyphenolic composition, and antioxidant capacity of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) populations were evaluated in three (normal, moderate, and severe) water irrigation regimes. The highest essential oil content (5.55%) was obtained under normal condition in the Yazd population. However, both essential oil and seed yield showed significant reductions as a result of water stress. According to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, thymol (61.44%), γ-terpinene (26.96%), and p-cymene (20.32%) were identified as the major components of the oil. The highest (89.01%) and the lowest (37.54%) thymol contents were in Farsmar and Hamadan populations in severe stress condition, respectively. Based on HPLC analysis, chlorogenic (3.75–47.35 mg/100 g), caffeic (13.2–40.10 mg/100 g), and ferulic acid (11.25–40.10 mg/100 g) were identified as the major phenolic acids, while rutin was determined as the major flavonoid (11.741–20.123 mg/100 g). Moreover, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were elevated under drought stress treatment, while antioxidants responded inconsistently to stress based on two model systems. Overall, the Yazd population exhibited a superior response to water stress, as evidenced by its less reduced thymol and oil yield content, while Arak and Khormo had the highest accumulation of polyphenolic compounds.

Extracts of Brocchia cinerea (Delile) Vis Exhibit In Vivo Wound Healing, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities, and Other In Vitro Therapeutic Effects

“…The remarkable differences in polyphenols between the studied extracts and other extracts reported in the bibliography are strongly explained by the intervention of several factors, among which are the geographical situation and the climate of the harvesting station. The content of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, varies under the action of water deficit (drought stress); this factor leads to differences in the accumulation of polyphenols in the different organs of several plant species [ 44 , 45 , 46 ].…”

Development and validation of an UHPLC‐DAD method for simultaneous quantification of twenty‐one diverse phenolics and its implementation in household food products

“…Among different spices, carom seeds (Fig. S5) were found to contain total of five phenolics namely catechin (5.5 mg/10 g) (Kaur & Arora, 2009), chlorogenic acid (2.8 mg/10 g), vitexin (1.3 mg/10 g), rutin (4.6 mg/10 g) (Pandey et al ., 2012) and apigenin (2.5 mg/10 g) (Mirniyam et al ., 2022). Naringin was the most predominant constituent (93.9 mg/10 g) in star anise (Fig.…”

“…(1.3 mg/10 g), rutin (4.6 mg/10 g) (Pandey et al, 2012) and apigenin (2.5 mg/10 g) (Mirniyam et al, 2022). Naringin was the most predominant constituent (93.9 mg/10 g) in star anise (Fig.…”

Enteric-Coated Cologrit Tablet Exhibit Robust Anti-Inflammatory Response in Ulcerative Colitis-like In-Vitro Models by Attuning NFκB-Centric Signaling Axis

“…ex A. DC, Cuminum cyminum L., Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague, and Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. [ 26 , 27 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 ] ( Table 2 ). Ellagic acid has been detected in Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa, Cuminum cyminum L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., and Imperatorin has been identified in plants Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa, and Foeniculum vulgare Mill.…”