Cervical cancer screening in Brazilian Amazon Indigenous women: Towards the intensification of public policies for prevention

Abstract

Background Indigenous women are vulnerable to cervical cancer. Screening is a strategy to reduce the burden of the disease. Objective To evaluate the prevalence profile of cervical cancer screening cytological results in Brazilian indigenous women by age and frequency of tests compared to non-indigenous women. Methods A cross-sectional study evaluating the prevalences of screening test results in indigenous women assisted in the Brazilian Amazon from 2007 to 2019 (3,231 tests), compared to non-indigenous women (698,415 tests). The main outcome was the cytological result. Other variables were frequency, age groups, and population. The frequency was categorized as "1st test", the first test performed by the women in their lifetime, or "screening test," tests from women who had previously participated in screening. Analyzes were based on prevalences by age group and population. We used Prevalence Ratios (PR) and 95% Confidence Intervals for risks and linear regression for trends. Results Data from the 1st test showed a higher prevalence of Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LSIL) in indigenous women. Peaks were observed in indigenous under 25, 35 to 39, 45 to 49, and 60 to 64. The prevalence of High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion or more severe (HSIL+) was low in both groups in women younger than 25. The indigenous HSIL+ prevalence curve showed a rapid increase, reaching peaks in women from 25 to 34 years, following a slight decrease and a plateau. In screening tests, HSIL+ was more prevalent in indigenous from 25 to 39 (PR 4.0,2.3;6.8) and 40 to 64 (PR 3.8,1.6;9.0). In indigenous, the PR of HSIL+ results in screening tests over 1st tests showed no screening effect in all age groups. In non-indigenous, there was a significant effect toward protection in the age groups over 25. Conclusion This screening study of indigenous women from diverse ethnicities showed a higher prevalence of cytological LSIL and HSIl+ than in non-indigenous women. The protective screening effect in reducing HSIL+ prevalence was not observed in indigenous.

Addressing the burden of cervical cancer for Indigenous women in Latin America and the Caribbean: a call for action

“…However, there remains a significant lack of data on cervical cancer trends among Indigenous women in most LAC countries, including countries like Guatemala, Bolivia, and Mexico, which have some of the highest proportions of Indigenous populations in the region. The wide variations observed in the prevalence of HPV infection and cervical abnormalities may reflect disparities in cervical cancer risk linked to the heterogeneity of Indigenous groups across LAC, including differences in geographical location, degree of isolation, and social and sexual behaviors ( 35 ). Consequently, further research is imperative to comprehensively assess the burden of cervical cancer among Indigenous women both regionally and within each LAC country.…”