Cerebrovascular Response to Arousal from NREM and REM Sleep

Bangash, Muhammad Fuad; Xie, Ailiang; Skatrud, James B.; Reichmuth, Kevin J.; Barczi, Steven R.; Morgan, Barbara J.

doi:10.1093/sleep/31.3.321

Cited by 43 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Frequent sleep-wake transitions, a higher number of arousals and longer REM stage durations always occur during this period [4,6]. It is known that arousal from QS [6,[35][36][37][38] Cold exposure is an exogenous factor and cardiovascular events may occur during sleep when there is a sudden and acute elevation in sympathetic activity during cold conditions. The mechanism is unknown, but our findings should pave the way by providing a new direction to the study of sleep and cardiovascular events.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cold exposure on autonomic changes during the last rapid eye movement sleep transition and morning blood pressure surge in humans

Kuo¹,

Hong²,

Hsieh³

et al. 2014

Sleep Medicine

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cold exposure on autonomic changes during the last rapid eye movement sleep transition and morning blood pressure surge in humans

Kuo¹,

Hong²,

Hsieh³

et al. 2014

Sleep Medicine

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“…These responses occur in both NREM and REM sleep. There are also changes in cerebral blood flow velocity, although this response is stage-dependent, with the initial flow response decreasing in NREM and increasing in REM [3].…”

Section: Arousal From Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep and cardiovascular regulation

Trinder

Waloszek

Woods

et al. 2011

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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Normal sleep has a profound effect on the cardiovascular system, reducing cardiovascular activity throughout non-rapid eye movement sleep; changes that are modified and augmented by circadian system influence. There is also evidence that sleep-initiated changes in autonomic balance may in turn modify the development of sleep within a night, particularly the development of slow wave sleep. It is assumed that the cardiovascular changes that accompany sleep reflect a functional aspect of sleep, although the precise functional role has not been agreed upon. Nevertheless, there is good evidence that the cardiovascular changes that occur during normal sleep are beneficial for the cardiovascular system. Arousals from sleep, which are common even in normal sleep, are associated with a surge in activity in cardiorespiratory systems, with marked effects on the sleep-related pattern of cardiovascular activity when they occur frequently. Despite the importance of this aspect of sleep, controversy remains as to both the nature of the activation response and the circumstances under which it is elicited. The concept that sleep-related changes in cardiovascular activity are beneficial leads to the corollary that sleep disturbance would result in adverse cardiovascular consequences. While there is strong empirical evidence for such a relationship, it remains unclear whether this is a direct effect or, as has been suggested recently, the effect of disturbed sleep is mediated via stress-related modification of neuroendocrine systems.

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“…In at least the lab setting, a sufficient number of such disruptive events could be presented, similar to what is currently being done in the study of sleep fragmentation. As an example, Bangash et al [48] examined the changes in a number of physiological measures caused by an auditory stimulus that resulted in sleep fragmentation. These effects are illustrated in Figure 8 [ Figure 1 from Bangash et al, 2008].…”

Section: Limitations Of Erp Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an example, Bangash et al [48] examined the changes in a number of physiological measures caused by an auditory stimulus that resulted in sleep fragmentation. These effects are illustrated in Figure 8 [ Figure 1 from Bangash et al, 2008]. The auditory stimulus caused changes in the EEG and these changes are clearly visible in the ongoing, raw EEG.…”

Section: Limitations Of Erp Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event-related potentials as a measure of sleep disturbance: A tutorial review

Campbell

2010

Noise Health

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This article reviews event-related potentials (ERPs) the minute responses of the human brain that are elicited by external auditory stimuli and how the ERPs can be used to measure sleep disturbance. ERPs consist of a series of negative- and positive-going components. A negative component peaking at about 100 ms, N1, is thought to reflect the outcome of a transient detector system, activated by change in the transient energy in an acoustic stimulus. Its output and thus the amplitude of N1 increases as the intensity level of the stimulus is increased and when the rate of presentation is slowed. When the output reaches a certain critical level, operations of the central executive are interrupted and attention is switched to the auditory channel. This switching of attention is thought to be indexed by a later positivity, P3a, peaking between 250 and 300 ms. In order to sleep, consciousness for all but the most relevant of stimuli must be prevented. Thus, during sleep onset and definitive non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, the amplitude of N1 diminishes to near-baseline level. The amplitude of P2, peaking from 180 to 200 ms, is however larger in NREM sleep than in wakefulness. P2 is thought to reflect an inhibitory process protecting sleep from irrelevant disturbance. As stimulus input becomes increasingly obtrusive, the amplitude of P2 also increases. With increasing obtrusiveness particularly when stimuli are presented slowly, a later large negativity, peaking at about 350 ms, N350, becomes apparent. N350 is unique to sleep, its amplitude also increasing as the stimulus becomes more obtrusive. Many authors postulate that when the N350 reaches a critical amplitude, a very large amplitude N550, a component of the K-Complex is elicited. The K-Complex can only be elicited during NREM sleep. The P2, N350 and N550 processes are thus conceived as sleep protective mechanisms, activated sequentially as the risk for disturbance increases. During REM sleep, the transient detector system again becomes somewhat activated, the amplitude of N1 reaching from 15 to 40% of its waking level. Very intense and/or very infrequently presented stimuli might elicit a P3-like deflection suggesting an intrusion into some aspect of consciousness. The types of experimental paradigms used in most ERP studies are quite different from those used in the study of noise and its effects on sleep. ERP studies will need to employ procedures that have greater ecological generalization; stimulus intensity needs to be lower, less abrupt, with much longer durations, and importantly, stimuli should be presented much less often.

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Cerebrovascular Response to Arousal from NREM and REM Sleep

Abstract: Arousals from NREM sleep transiently reduce CBFV, whereas arousals from REM sleep transiently increase CBFV, despite qualitatively and quantitatively similar increases in MAP, HR, and VE in the two sleep states.

Cited by 43 publications

References 34 publications

Effects of cold exposure on autonomic changes during the last rapid eye movement sleep transition and morning blood pressure surge in humans

Effects of cold exposure on autonomic changes during the last rapid eye movement sleep transition and morning blood pressure surge in humans

Sleep and cardiovascular regulation

Event-related potentials as a measure of sleep disturbance: A tutorial review

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