Cerebral cortical development in rodents and primates

Molnár, Zoltán; Clowry, Gavin J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53860-4.00003-9

Cited by 122 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…The oSVZ becomes the main site of neuron production in primates, allowing huge expansion of upper cortical layers (Dehay and Kennedy, 2007; Bayatti et al, 2008; Clowry et al, 2010; Molnar and Clowry, 2012; Petanjek and Kostović, 2012). The oSVZ appears at the end of early fetal period and contains the vast majority of pallial progenitors during main stage of neurogenesis, the second trimester of gestation (E60–E90 in monkey, 15–24 pcw in humans).…”

Section: Pallial Production Of Cortical Gabaergic Neurons In Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal extension in site of origin for cortical calretinin neurons in primates

et al. 2014

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The vast majority of cortical GABAergic neurons can be defined by parvalbumin, somatostatin or calretinin expression. In most mammalians, parvalbumin and somatostatin interneurons have constant proportions, each representing 5–7% of the total neuron number. In contrast, there is a threefold increase in the proportion of calretinin interneurons, which do not exceed 4% in rodents and reach 12% in higher order areas of primate cerebral cortex. In rodents, almost all parvalbumin and somatostatin interneurons originate from the medial part of the subpallial proliferative structure, the ganglionic eminence (GE), while almost all calretinin interneurons originate from its caudal part. The spatial pattern of cortical GABAergic neurons origin from the GE is preserved in the monkey and human brain. However, it could be expected that the evolution is changing developmental rules to enable considerable expansion of calretinin interneuron population. During the early fetal period in primates, cortical GABAergic neurons are almost entirely generated in the subpallium, as in rodents. Already at that time, the primate caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) shows a relative increase in size and production of calretinin interneurons. During the second trimester of gestation, that is the main neurogenetic stage in primates without clear correlates found in rodents, the pallial production of cortical GABAergic neurons together with the extended persistence of the GE is observed. We propose that the CGE could be the main source of calretinin interneurons for the posterior and lateral cortical regions, but not for the frontal cortex. The associative granular frontal cortex represents around one third of the cortical surface and contains almost half of cortical calretinin interneurons. The majority of calretinin interneurons destined for the frontal cortex could be generated in the pallium, especially in the newly evolved outer subventricular zone that becomes the main pool of cortical progenitors.

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Section: Pallial Production Of Cortical Gabaergic Neurons In Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal extension in site of origin for cortical calretinin neurons in primates

et al. 2014

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“…Molecular analyses implicated IPs in Delta-Notch signaling (Kawaguchi et al, 2008; Nelson et al, 2013). Molecular comparisons are also telling us about the evolution of IPs (Lui et al, 2011; Molnár and Clowry, 2012). …”

Section: (3) Molecular and Cellular Characteristics Of Cerebral Cortimentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and Development of the Mammalian Cerebral Cortex

Molnár¹,

Kaas²,

Carlos³

et al. 2014

Brain Behav Evol

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Comparative developmental studies of the mammalian brain can identify key changes that can generate the diverse structures and functions of the brain. We have studied how the neocortex of early mammals became organized into functionally distinct areas, and how the current level of cortical cellular and laminar specialization arose from the simpler premammalian cortex. We demonstrate the neocortical organization in early mammals, which helps to elucidate how the large, complex human brain evolved from a long line of ancestors. The radial and tangential enlargement of the cortex was driven by changes in the patterns of cortical neurogenesis, including alterations in the proportions of distinct progenitor types. Some cortical cell populations travel to the cortex through tangential migration whereas others migrate radially. A number of recent studies have begun to characterize the chick, mouse and human and nonhuman primate cortical transcriptome to help us understand how gene expression relates to the development and anatomical and functional organization of the adult neocortex. Although all mammalian forms share the basic layout of cortical areas, the areal proportions and distributions are driven by distinct evolutionary pressures acting on sensory and motor experiences during the individual ontogenies.

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“…Indeed, although several studies have examined the origins and development of human GABAergic neurons (Bayatti et al 2008;Jakovcevski et al 2011;Radonjic et al 2014b;Al-Jaberi et al 2015), to our knowledge, no molecular differences between GABAergic neurons of rodents and primates have been described. Given the increasing appreciation for the role of GABAergic dysfunction in a variety of human neurodevelopmental disorders (Marin 2012;Southwell et al 2014), it is critical to understand the molecular bases of GABAergic neuron specification and maturation in the human brain (Clowry et al 2010;Molnar and Clowry 2012). We therefore set out to determine the extent to which transcriptional programs are conserved in nascent neocortical GABAergic neurons between humans and mice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secretagogin is Expressed by Developing Neocortical GABAergic Neurons in Humans but not Mice and Increases Neurite Arbor Size and Complexity

et al. 2017

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The neocortex of primates, including humans, contains more abundant and diverse inhibitory neurons compared with rodents, but the molecular foundations of these observations are unknown. Through integrative gene coexpression analysis, we determined a consensus transcriptional profile of GABAergic neurons in mid-gestation human neocortex. By comparing this profile to genes expressed in GABAergic neurons purified from neonatal mouse neocortex, we identified conserved and distinct aspects of gene expression in these cells between the species. We show here that the calcium-binding protein secretagogin (SCGN) is robustly expressed by neocortical GABAergic neurons derived from caudal ganglionic eminences (CGE) and lateral ganglionic eminences during human but not mouse brain development. Through electrophysiological and morphometric analyses, we examined the effects of SCGN expression on GABAergic neuron function and form. Forced expression of SCGN in CGE-derived mouse GABAergic neurons significantly increased total neurite length and arbor complexity following transplantation into mouse neocortex, revealing a molecular pathway that contributes to morphological differences in these cells between rodents and primates.

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Cerebral cortical development in rodents and primates

Cited by 122 publications

References 138 publications

Spatio-temporal extension in site of origin for cortical calretinin neurons in primates

Spatio-temporal extension in site of origin for cortical calretinin neurons in primates

Evolution and Development of the Mammalian Cerebral Cortex

Secretagogin is Expressed by Developing Neocortical GABAergic Neurons in Humans but not Mice and Increases Neurite Arbor Size and Complexity

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