Cerebellar Output Channels

Middleton, Frank; Strick, Peter L.

doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60347-5

Cited by 244 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Furthermore, thalamic projections from these nuclei primarily terminate in VL (Fig. 12) (Stanton, 1980;Asanuma et al, 1983;Thach, 1987;Sakai et al, 1996;Middleton and Strick, 1997). Finally, retrograde labeling of CN neurons after an injection into a vestibular responsive region of dorsal VL supports this alternative pathway (Figs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Furthermore, neuroanatomical studies have clearly shown cerebellar nuclei (CN) projections to the thalamus, particularly to the VL (Stanton, 1980;Asanuma et al, 1983;Thach, 1987;Sakai et al, 1996;Middleton and Strick, 1997). Consequently, cerebellothalamic projections may provide an additional route for vestibular information to the thalamus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Vestibular Signals in Primate Thalamus: Properties and Origins

Hui¹,

May²,

Dickman³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

130

162

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vestibular Signals in Primate Thalamus: Properties and Origins

Hui¹,

May²,

Dickman³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

130

162

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The primary motor and premotor cortices are well-known to be strongly interconnected (Krakauer & Ghez, 1999;Passingham, 1993). Furthermore, the cerebellum is known to receive input via the pontine nuclei from premotor cortical areas, as well as from higherorder auditory and somatosensory areas that can provide state information important for choosing motor commands (Schmahmann & Pandya, 1997) and projects heavily to the primary motor cortex (e.g., Middleton & Strick, 1997). Damage to the superior paravermal region of the cerebellar cortex results in ataxic dysarthria, a motor speech disorder characterized by slurred, poorly coordinated speech (Ackermann, Vogel, Petersen, & Poremba, 1992).…”

Section: Feedforward Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical interactions underlying the production of speech sounds

Guenther

2006

Journal of Communication Disorders

486

434

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Speech production involves the integration of auditory, somatosensory, and motor information in the brain. This article describes a model of speech motor control in which a feedforward control system, involving premotor and primary motor cortex and the cerebellum, works in concert with auditory and somatosensory feedback control systems that involve both sensory and motor cortical areas. New speech sounds are learned by first storing an auditory target for the sound, then using the auditory feedback control system to control production of the sound in early repetitions. Repeated production of the sound leads to tuning of feedforward commands which eventually supplant the feedback-based control signals. Although parts of the model remain speculative, it accounts for a wide range of kinematic, acoustic, and neuroimaging data collected during speech production and provides a framework for investigating communication disorders that involve malfunction of the cerebral cortex and interconnected subcortical structures.Learning outcomes: Readers will be able to: (1) describe several types of learning that occur in the sensory-motor system during babbling and early speech, (2) identify three neural control subsystems involved in speech production, (3) identify regions of the brain involved in monitoring auditory and somatosensory feedback during speech production, and (4) identify regions of the brain involved in feedforward control of speech. #

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“…In a recent sensorimotor mapping fMRI study of the human cerebellum, Grodd et al (2001) have shown that motor activity of the hand activates ipsi-and contralateral lobule-V at a distance of 15-30 mm from the midline, corresponding with our data. Cerebellar arm areas in lobule-V of the vermis and hemispheres have been identified in monkeys (Middleton and Strick, 1997). Tracy et al, (2001) have shown in humans that bimanual coordination activates lobule-VI of the vermis.…”

Section: Role Of the Distinct Cerebellar Activation Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of multiple functionally distinct cerebellar regions in visual discrimination: a human functional imaging study

et al. 2003

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We investigated the contribution of the human cerebellum to cerebral function during visual discrimination using PET and fMRI. The cognitive task was a successive discrimination of shades of brown with a parametric variation of the stimulus presentation rate and a constant task difficulty. The successive color discrimination task was contrasted to a dimming detection control task, with identical retinal input but with double the number of motor responses. Three sets of activated cerebellar and cerebral regions were observed: rate-dependent and rate-independent color discrimination networks and a motor-and-detection network. The rate-dependent color discrimination network included both an anterior and a posterior activation site in lobule-VI of the two lateral cerebellar hemispheres, whereas the rate-independent network involved a bilateral activation site in lateral Crus-I. Cerebellar sites of the motor-and-detection network were located in medial lobule-V bilaterally, in the vermis, and in posterior left Crus-I and right Crus-II. An additional fMRI study was performed to control for differences in motor output and response timing between the tasks. In this control study, the cerebellar activation sites of the rate-dependent and rate-independent color discrimination networks remained unaltered. The motor-and-detection network included cerebellar activations in posterior left Crus-I and right Crus-II, but none in lobule-V or the vermis. Thus, cerebellar activation sites of the motor-and-detection network could be subdivided into those related to a motor network and those belonging to a dimming detection network. We conclude that successive color discrimination activates multiple, functionally distinct cerebellar regions.

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Cerebellar Output Channels

Cited by 244 publications

References 54 publications

Vestibular Signals in Primate Thalamus: Properties and Origins

Vestibular Signals in Primate Thalamus: Properties and Origins

Cortical interactions underlying the production of speech sounds

Involvement of multiple functionally distinct cerebellar regions in visual discrimination: a human functional imaging study

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