Cephalometric norms for Orthognathic Surgery in black American adults

Dentofacial and skeletal pattern in African descendants from southeastern Brazil: clinical prospective study

“…However, other studies found excessive protrusion and proclination only of lower incisors. 10,20 Sexual dimorphism was not observed in most of the analyzed variables, except for angular measurements L1.NB and U1.L1, which support the findings of previous studies 9,11,13 that established the high proclination of lower incisors as the main contributor to more acute interincisal angles in females, including in other ethnic groups (Table 3). This difference was statistically significant between genders in the present study and suggests that, among African-Brazilians, women have a greater tendency to present more pronounced bimaxillary protrusion than men.…”

Dentofacial and skeletal pattern in African descendants from southeastern Brazil: clinical prospective study

“…However, other studies found excessive protrusion and proclination only of lower incisors. 10,20 Sexual dimorphism was not observed in most of the analyzed variables, except for angular measurements L1.NB and U1.L1, which support the findings of previous studies 9,11,13 that established the high proclination of lower incisors as the main contributor to more acute interincisal angles in females, including in other ethnic groups (Table 3). This difference was statistically significant between genders in the present study and suggests that, among African-Brazilians, women have a greater tendency to present more pronounced bimaxillary protrusion than men.…”

A comparison of skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue characteristics in white and black Brazilian subjects

“…The present study confirmed the bimaxillary skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue protrusion observed in black subjects, which have been described by several authors 2,4,8,11,15,16,20,22 . This dentoalveolar protrusion found in blacks is more evident in the mandibular incisors, compensating the slightly smaller protrusion of the mandible and the smaller chin prominence in this ethnic group.…”

Upper lip characteristics and associated excessive gingival display etiologies in adults: Race and sex differences

“…The documented interracial/intersex ULVL differences are consistent with reported interracial differences (for females only) 33 and with reported lack of intersex ULVL differences for NHW 29,34 . Regarding TULL, the present results match those of several cephalometric studies that reported 3–5 mm greater UL length in Blacks 11,35–37 . The significant intersex TULL difference being limited only to NHW matches reports of significant intersex differences among Whites 11,35 but not among Blacks 11,36 .…”

“…Regarding TULL, the present results match those of several cephalometric studies that reported 3–5 mm greater UL length in Blacks 11,35–37 . The significant intersex TULL difference being limited only to NHW matches reports of significant intersex differences among Whites 11,35 but not among Blacks 11,36 . Furthermore, NHW TULL results match those calculated from the FNEAWD (see SUL section, Materials and Methods) 29 …”

Dentofacial and skeletal pattern in African descendants from southeastern Brazil: clinical prospective study

“…However, other studies found excessive protrusion and proclination only of lower incisors. 10,20 Sexual dimorphism was not observed in most of the analyzed variables, except for angular measurements L1.NB and U1.L1, which support the findings of previous studies 9,11,13 that established the high proclination of lower incisors as the main contributor to more acute interincisal angles in females, including in other ethnic groups (Table 3). This difference was statistically significant between genders in the present study and suggests that, among African-Brazilians, women have a greater tendency to present more pronounced bimaxillary protrusion than men.…”

A comparison of skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue characteristics in white and black Brazilian subjects

“…The present study confirmed the bimaxillary skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue protrusion observed in black subjects, which have been described by several authors 2,4,8,11,15,16,20,22 . This dentoalveolar protrusion found in blacks is more evident in the mandibular incisors, compensating the slightly smaller protrusion of the mandible and the smaller chin prominence in this ethnic group.…”

Upper lip characteristics and associated excessive gingival display etiologies in adults: Race and sex differences

“…The documented interracial/intersex ULVL differences are consistent with reported interracial differences (for females only) 33 and with reported lack of intersex ULVL differences for NHW 29,34 . Regarding TULL, the present results match those of several cephalometric studies that reported 3–5 mm greater UL length in Blacks 11,35–37 . The significant intersex TULL difference being limited only to NHW matches reports of significant intersex differences among Whites 11,35 but not among Blacks 11,36 .…”

“…Regarding TULL, the present results match those of several cephalometric studies that reported 3–5 mm greater UL length in Blacks 11,35–37 . The significant intersex TULL difference being limited only to NHW matches reports of significant intersex differences among Whites 11,35 but not among Blacks 11,36 . Furthermore, NHW TULL results match those calculated from the FNEAWD (see SUL section, Materials and Methods) 29 …”

Dentofacial and skeletal pattern in African descendants from southeastern Brazil: clinical prospective study

“…However, other studies found excessive protrusion and proclination only of lower incisors. 10,20 Sexual dimorphism was not observed in most of the analyzed variables, except for angular measurements L1.NB and U1.L1, which support the findings of previous studies 9,11,13 that established the high proclination of lower incisors as the main contributor to more acute interincisal angles in females, including in other ethnic groups (Table 3). This difference was statistically significant between genders in the present study and suggests that, among African-Brazilians, women have a greater tendency to present more pronounced bimaxillary protrusion than men.…”

A comparison of skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue characteristics in white and black Brazilian subjects

“…The present study confirmed the bimaxillary skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue protrusion observed in black subjects, which have been described by several authors 2,4,8,11,15,16,20,22 . This dentoalveolar protrusion found in blacks is more evident in the mandibular incisors, compensating the slightly smaller protrusion of the mandible and the smaller chin prominence in this ethnic group.…”

Upper lip characteristics and associated excessive gingival display etiologies in adults: Race and sex differences

“…The documented interracial/intersex ULVL differences are consistent with reported interracial differences (for females only) 33 and with reported lack of intersex ULVL differences for NHW 29,34 . Regarding TULL, the present results match those of several cephalometric studies that reported 3–5 mm greater UL length in Blacks 11,35–37 . The significant intersex TULL difference being limited only to NHW matches reports of significant intersex differences among Whites 11,35 but not among Blacks 11,36 .…”

“…Regarding TULL, the present results match those of several cephalometric studies that reported 3–5 mm greater UL length in Blacks 11,35–37 . The significant intersex TULL difference being limited only to NHW matches reports of significant intersex differences among Whites 11,35 but not among Blacks 11,36 . Furthermore, NHW TULL results match those calculated from the FNEAWD (see SUL section, Materials and Methods) 29 …”