Cephalometric norms for a sample of Emirates adults

Abstract

Introduction: European-American norms are still used in the orthodontic treatment of Emirates patients despite the different ethnic backgrounds of the Emirates. The purpose of this study was to formulate cephalometric norms for lateral cephalometric measurements of Emirates adults and to study gender differences. Methods: Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 176 Emirates adults, 91 males and 85 females, were selected according to the following criteria; an age range between 19 to 25 years, esthetically pleasing and harmonious faces with balanced and acceptable profiles and occlusions, normal skeletal and dental relationship, all permanent teeth present, and no history of orthodontic treatment or facial trauma. The mean values and standard deviations of 91 angular and 21 linear cephalometric variables were calculated using the Dolphin version 10.5 software package. The resulting norms for Emirates male and female groups were compared using a student t-test. Results: Several statistically significant gender differences were noticeable. Skeletally, Emirates males showed significantly greater (p < 0.001) total, anterior, and posterior cranial base lengths as well as longer facial heights, greater SGn-FH (˚), ANS Xi PM (˚), and FH/MP (˚) angles than females. In addition, Emirates males had significantly greater (p < 0.001) Co-A (mm), Co-Gn (mm), and significantly greater (p < 0.05) Pog-N vert (mm) than females. Dentally, Emirates males had significantly greater (p < 0.05) UI-SN (˚) and U1-NA (˚), U1-NA (mm), and L1-NB (mm) (p < 0.001) than females. For soft tissue measurements there were significant gender differences (p < 0.001) for all angular and linear measurements except for lower lip to E-plane and nose prominence measurements which have no significant gender difference. Emirates males revealed greater measurements than females except for soft tissue convexity, Z-angle, and both upper and lower lips protrusion which were significantly greater in Emirates females. Conclusions: The use of specific cephalometric standards for Emirates adults, separate for gender, seems to be justified. It is appropriate to put these cephalometric norms into daily orthodontic practice when Emirates adults are being treated.

Cephalometric Value of Batak Ethnic

“…Based on dental measurements, male subjects show more protrusive incisors compared to female subjects (U1-SN, L1-MP, U1-NA, U1-APog and L1-NB) but no significant difference was found. This is consistent to the study of Abu Tayem et al, where male subjects showed more protrusive incisor compared to female subjects [1]. This result consistent to the study of Gu Y et al, there is no significantly different on dental measurement on both sexes of Chinese and Caucasian [8].…”

“…In measurements on Z angle, male and female reveal no significant difference. This is similar to the study of Abu Tayem et al, where Z line of female is higher than that of male, but no significant difference was found [1].…”

“…This is not consistent to the study of Abu Tayem et al in Emirates adults, where male subjects had higher convexity of facial profile compared to female subjects. Similarly, rotation of mandible reveals no significant difference between genders, where female subjects show higher value compared to male subjects [1]. This is similar to the study of Bishara on Caucasoid race, where normal value was 33 o in females and 28 o in males [10].…”

“…A normal cephalometric value is helpful for orthodontists in diagnosing and developing a good orthodontic treatment plan. As the standard value of cephalometry is mostly based on Caucasian ethnicity originated from European, it is sometimes not suitable to be applied on various race and ethnic groups [1,2,3].…”

Considerations to Planning Orthognathic Surgery in Different Regions of Saudi and the Middle East

“…The significant difference that was found in the STP of different groups proves that Caucasian Americans norms can't be relied on in the treatment planning of orthognathic surgical cases of Saudi population. Furthermore, AlBarakati et al compared a sample of Saudi adults to Anatolian Turkish, Japanese, Holdaway reported values and a European-American Legan and Burstone's values [17,18,19,20,21]. The results found significantly different STP values of Saudi population compared to the other facial ethnics mentioned.…”