Centrifugal fractionation of softwood extracts improves the biorefinery workflow and yields functional emulsifiers

Valoppi, Fabio; Lahtinen, Maarit; Bhattarai, Mamata; Kirjoranta, Satu; Juntti, Venla; Peltonen, Leena; Kilpeläinen, Petri; Mikkonen, Kirsi S.

doi:10.1039/c9gc02007a

Cited by 33 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…39 Also, we recently presented centrifugation as a solvent-free method of separating lignin-and hemicellulose-rich fractions in softwood extracts. 40…”

Section: Lignocellulosic Materialsbioresources and Structural Charactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the lignocellulosic raw material and isolation method, the amounts and types of lignin residues and extractives accompanying the carbohydrate structure may vary. 40 These provide hemicellulose samples with amphiphilic properties and the capacity to lower the surface tension of water. 12 For example, native beech GX isolates that contained residual lignin showed the capacity to stabilize emulsions.…”

Section: Amphiphilic Surfactantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…55 Alternatively, certain processes result in heterogeneous mixtures of lignin and hemicelluloses, whose purification would require extra process steps. 40 On the other hand, less pure multicomponent fractions may exhibit additional functionality compared to pure lignocellulosics. 14,61,97 A new interesting opportunity would be to use whole wood particles as stabilizers, after dissolving wood in water 163 or ionic liquids.…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strategies for structuring diverse emulsion systems by using wood lignocellulose-derived stabilizers

Mikkonen

2020

Green Chem.

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Wood biomass is an abundant renewable source of materials, but due to the accelerating depletion of natural resources, it is important to explore new ways to use it in a more sustainable manner. Modern technologies enable the recovery and valorization of the main components of wood-namely, cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses-contributing to sustainability. However, the method of isolation and resulting structure and purity of lignocellulosic materials determine their functionality and applicability. This review discusses the properties of all three main wood-based compounds that can stabilize emulsions, a class of industrial dispersions that are widely used in life science applications and chemicals. Due to the multibillion-dollar annual market for hydrocolloids, the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, coating, and paint industries are actively seeking new sustainable emulsion stabilizers that fulfill the demanding requirements regarding safety and functionality. Wood-derived stabilizers facilitate various mechanisms involved in emulsion stabilization: (1) development of amphiphilic structures that decrease interfacial tension, (2) stabilization of interfaces by particles according to the Pickering theory, and (3) increase in the viscosity of emulsions' continuous phase. This review presents pathways for treating cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses to achieve efficient stabilization and provides suggestions for their broad use in emulsions.

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“…39 Also, we recently presented centrifugation as a solvent-free method of separating lignin-and hemicellulose-rich fractions in softwood extracts. 40…”

Section: Lignocellulosic Materialsbioresources and Structural Charactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Amphiphilic Surfactantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strategies for structuring diverse emulsion systems by using wood lignocellulose-derived stabilizers

Mikkonen

2020

Green Chem.

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“…As will be explained in the characterization of materials, supernatants consisted of hemicelluloses partially purified from phenolic compounds (GGM-pur and GX-pur fractions), and pellets contained mainly lignin and other phenolic residues (GGMphe and GX-phe). This solvent-free fractionation method takes advantage on the low solubility of lignin in water, which enables partial separation of precipitated lignin and watersoluble hemicelluloses (Valoppi et al, 2019a). In a recently published study (Valoppi et al, 2019a), the effect of using different centrifugal treatments on the degree of purification and properties of GGM-rich PHWE extracts was evaluated in detail.…”

Section: Fractionation Of Hemicelluloses and Preparation Of Emulsionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), hemicelluloses and sulfur-free lignin are released from woody material at temperatures of 160-170 • C. Hemicelluloses and lignin are partially separated, and extracts enriched with hemicelluloses can be further purified from lignin using other methods, such as ultrafiltration or precipitation with ethanol, if necessary (Bhattarai et al, 2019). We have recently developed a method of using differing centrifugal forces to separate hemicellulose-and lignin-rich fractions of PHWE extracts (Valoppi et al, 2019a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin-Rich PHWE Hemicellulose Extracts Responsible for Extended Emulsion Stabilization

et al. 2019

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Wood hemicelluloses have an excellent capacity to form and stabilize oil-in-water emulsions. Galactoglucomannans (GGM) from spruce and glucuronoxylans (GX) from birch provide multifunctional protection against physical breakdown and lipid oxidation in emulsions. Phenolic residues, coextracted with hemicelluloses using the pressurized hot water (PHWE) process, seem to further enhance emulsion stability. According to hypothesis, phenolic residues associated with hemicelluloses deliver and anchor hemicelluloses at the emulsion interface. This study is the first to characterize the structure of the phenolic residues in both GGM-and GX-rich wood extracts and their role in the stabilization of emulsions. PHWE GGM and GX were fractionated by centrifugation to obtain concentrated phenolic residues as one fraction (GGM-phe and GX-phe) and partially purified hemicelluloses as the other fraction (GGM-pur and GX-pur). To evaluate the role of each fraction in terms of physical and oxidative stabilization, rapeseed oil-in-water emulsions were prepared using GGM, GX, GGM-pur, and GX-pur as stabilizers. Changes in droplet-size distribution and peroxide values were measured during a 3-month accelerated storage test. The results for fresh emulsions indicated that the phenolic-rich fractions in hemicelluloses take part in the formation of emulsions. Furthermore, results from the accelerated storage test indicated that phenolic structures improve the long-term physical stability of emulsions. According to measured peroxide values, all hemicelluloses examined inhibited lipid oxidation in emulsions, GX being the most effective. This indicates that phenolic residues associated with hemicelluloses act as antioxidants in emulsions. According to chemical characterization using complementary methods, the phenolic fractions, GGM-phe and GX-phe, were composed mainly of lignin. Furthermore, the total carbohydrate content of the phenolic fractions was clearly lower compared to the starting hemicelluloses GGM and GX, and the purified fractions GGM-pur and GX-pur. Apparently, the phenolic structures were enriched in the GGM-phe and GX-phe fractions, which was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy as well as by other characterization methods. The frequency of the main bonding pattern in lignins, the β-O-4 structure, was clearly very high, suggesting that extracted lignin remains in native form. Furthermore, the lignin carbohydrate complex of γ-ester type was found, which could explain the excellent stabilizing properties of PHWE hemicelluloses in emulsions.

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Metabolic Fate of Lignin in Birch Glucuronoxylan Extracts as Dietary Fiber Studied in a Rat Model

Lahtinen,

Kynkäänniemi,

Jian

et al. 2023

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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ScopeWhile previously considered inert, recent studies suggest lignin metabolism with unknown metabolic fates is occurring in the gastrointestinal tract of several animal models. This study focuses on analyzing the potential metabolites of lignin.Methods and resultsThe diets of rats include relatively pure birch glucuronoxylan (pureGX) with residual lignin or lignin‐rich GX (GXpoly) in their diet. Nuclear magnetic spectroscopy of the lignin isolated from the GXpoly‐fed rats fecal sample shows high alteration in chemical structure, whereas lignin‐carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) are enriched in fecal samples from the pureGX group. Moreover, the increased syringyl‐to‐guaiacyl (S/G) ratio suggests that lignin G‐units are predominantly metabolized based on pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (pyr‐GC/MS). The presence of small phenolic metabolites identified in urine samples of the GXpoly group, for example, ferulic and sinapic acids, their sulfate and glucuronide derivatives, and 4‐sulfobenzylalcohol, suggests that the small fragmented lignin metabolites in the large intestine enter the plasma, and are further processed in the liver. Finally, the relative abundances of polyphenol‐degrading Enterorhabdus and Akkermansia in the gut microbiota are associated with lignin metabolism.ConclusionThese findings give further evidence to lignin metabolism in the gut of nonruminants and provide insight to the potential microbes and metabolic routes.

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Centrifugal fractionation of softwood extracts improves the biorefinery workflow and yields functional emulsifiers

Abstract: Centrifuging softwood extracts separated the hemicellulose-rich fraction and lignin-rich micro- and nanoparticles. The hemicellulose-rich fraction and lignin-rich nanoparticles formed stable emulsions.

Cited by 33 publications

References 59 publications

Strategies for structuring diverse emulsion systems by using wood lignocellulose-derived stabilizers

Strategies for structuring diverse emulsion systems by using wood lignocellulose-derived stabilizers

Lignin-Rich PHWE Hemicellulose Extracts Responsible for Extended Emulsion Stabilization

Metabolic Fate of Lignin in Birch Glucuronoxylan Extracts as Dietary Fiber Studied in a Rat Model

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