Central nervous system control of cardiorespiratory nasopharyngeal reflexes in the rabbit

White, Saxon William; McRitchie, R. J.; Korner, Paul I.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1975.228.2.404

Cited by 29 publications

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“…Similar cardiorespiratory responses, including an abrupt and dramatic bradycardia, also is induced in rats to nasal stimulation with irritant vapors (McRitchie and White, 1974; White et al, 1974, 1975; Panneton, 1991b; Gieroba et al, 1994; Panneton and Yavari, 1995; Yavari et al, 1996; McCulloch and Panneton, 1997; McCulloch et al, 1999a,b; Panneton et al, 2010b). We recently reported on neurons activated during underwater submersion in voluntarily diving rats with the aid of the cFos technique (Panneton et al, 2012), but such studies allow no distinction as to the function of these activated neurons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Parasympathetic preganglionic cardiac motoneurons labeled after voluntary diving

2014

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A dramatic bradycardia is induced by underwater submersion in vertebrates. The location of parasympathetic preganglionic cardiac motor neurons driving this aspect of the diving response was investigated using cFos immunohistochemistry combined with retrograde transport of cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) to double-label neurons. After pericardial injections of CTB, trained rats voluntarily dove underwater, and their heart rates (HR) dropped immediately to 95 ± 2 bpm, an 80% reduction. After immunohistochemical processing, the vast majority of CTB labeled neurons were located in the reticular formation from the rostral cervical spinal cord to the facial motor nucleus, confirming previous studies. Labeled neurons caudal to the rostral ventrolateral medulla were usually spindle-shaped aligned along an oblique line running from the dorsal vagal nucleus to the ventrolateral reticular formation, while those more rostrally were multipolar with extended dendrites. Nine percent of retrogradely-labeled neurons were positive for both cFos and CTB after diving and 74% of these were found rostral to the obex. CTB also was transported transganglionically in primary afferent fibers, resulting in large granular deposits in dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and commissural subnuclei of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and finer deposits in lamina I and IV-V of the trigeminocervical complex. The overlap of parasympathetic preganglionic cardiac motor neurons activated by diving with those activated by baro- and chemoreceptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla is discussed. Thus, the profound bradycardia seen with underwater submersion reinforces the notion that the mammalian diving response is the most powerful autonomic reflex known.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Parasympathetic preganglionic cardiac motoneurons labeled after voluntary diving

2014

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“…Despite this strong representation of presympathetic neurones in the lower brainstem, non‐uniform functional patterns of sympathetic vasomotor activity cannot be naturally evoked in the absence of suprabulbar regions. Indeed, intercollicular transection has long been known to lead to gross alteration of reflexes such as baroreceptor, peripheral chemoreceptor and nasopharyngeal reflexes (Korner et al 1969; Korner, 1971; White et al 1976; Olivan et al 2001; Reddy et al 2005).…”

Section: Neuroanatomical Basis For Non‐uniform Vasomotor Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landmarks in understanding the central nervous control of the cardiovascular system

Coote

2007

Experimental Physiology

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In this Paton Lecture I have tried to trace the key experiments that have developed ideas on how the brain regulates the cardiovascular system. It is a personal view and inevitably, owing to constraints on space and time, I have not been able to cover areas such as the nucleus tractus solitarius and cardiac vagal neurones, although I acknowledge that some may consider the story is incomplete without them. Starting with the crucial discovery of vasomotor nerves and 'vasomotor tone', the patterns of activity in sympathetic nerves which led to the important idea of central oscillating networks of neurones are described. I discuss how this knowledge has informed current controversies on the origin of vasomotor activity in presympathetic neurones in the ventral medulla, which identify intrinsic pacemaker activity or synaptic input from multiple oscillators as prime mechanisms. I present an emerging view that the role of other regions of the brain, in particular supramedullary sites, has been underplayed. These regions are pivotal for the non-uniform distribution of cardiac output that is unique to each reflex and behavioural state. I discuss the most recent evidence for 'central command' neurones that offers a plausible explanation for how these patterns of sympathetic activity are achieved. Finally, I stress the importance of these current ideas to the understanding of pathological changes in sympathetic activity in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension or congestive heart failure.

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“…However, responses similar to those seen during underwater submersion of marine mammals can be elicited in smaller laboratory mammals. For example, stimulation of the nasal mucosa of laboratory mammals with irritant vapors (15,26,32,57,60,71,73,74,76,79,81,99,100,103) also elicits dramatic changes in cardiorespiratory function similar to those seen in aquatic mammals with submersion. This feature is advantageous since various pharmacological and physiological tests can be done on table preparations in a more controlled laboratory setting.…”

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confidence: 99%

The rat: a laboratory model for studies of the diving response

Panneton

Gan

Juric

2010

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Underwater submersion in mammals induces apnea, parasympathetically mediated bradycardia, and sympathetically mediated peripheral vasoconstriction. These effects are collectively termed the diving response, potentially the most powerful autonomic reflex known. Although these physiological responses are directed by neurons in the brain, study of neural control of the diving response has been hampered since 1) it is difficult to study the brains of animals while they are underwater, 2) feral marine mammals are usually large and have brains of variable size, and 3) there are but few references on the brains of naturally diving species. Similar responses are elicited in anesthetized rodents after stimulation of their nasal mucosa, but this nasopharyngeal reflex has not been compared directly with natural diving behavior in the rat. In the present study, we compared hemodynamic responses elicited in awake rats during volitional underwater submersion with those of rats swimming on the water's surface, rats involuntarily submerged, and rats either anesthetized or decerebrate and stimulated nasally with ammonia vapors. We show that the hemodynamic changes to voluntary diving in the rat are similar to those of naturally diving marine mammals. We also show that the responses of voluntary diving rats are 1) significantly different from those seen during swimming, 2) generally similar to those elicited in trained rats involuntarily "dunked" underwater, and 3) generally different from those seen from dunking naive rats underwater. Nasal stimulation of anesthetized rats differed most from the hemodynamic variables of rats trained to dive voluntarily. We propose that the rat trained to dive underwater is an excellent laboratory model to study neural control of the mammalian diving response, and also suggest that some investigations may be done with nasal stimulation of decerebrate preparations to decipher such control.

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Central nervous system control of cardiorespiratory nasopharyngeal reflexes in the rabbit

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Parasympathetic preganglionic cardiac motoneurons labeled after voluntary diving

Parasympathetic preganglionic cardiac motoneurons labeled after voluntary diving

Landmarks in understanding the central nervous control of the cardiovascular system

The rat: a laboratory model for studies of the diving response

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