Cellulose kraft pulp reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites: effect of fibre moisture content

Virtanen, Sanna; Wikström, Lisa; Immonen, Kirsi; Anttila, Upi; Retulainen, Elias

doi:10.3934/matersci.2016.3.756

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This fact is in agreement with the results of Le Duigou et al for polylactide/flax biocomposites [43], where the reduction of molar mass was explained as a result of chain breakage in the polymer matrix during processing, which is hindered by the increase of viscosity and shear of the fibre during processing. Similar results were obtained during the preparation of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate)/sisal biocomposites [9] or polylactide reinforced with cellulose kraft pulp [44].…”

Section: Impact Of Biodegradation In Soil On the Chemical Structure Osupporting

confidence: 81%

Relevant factors for the eco-design of polylactide/sisal biocomposites to control biodegradation in soil in an end-of-life scenario

Badía

Strömberg

Kittikorn

et al. 2017

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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The eco-design considers the factors to prepare biocomposites under an end-of-life scenario. PLA/sisal biocomposites were obtained from amorphous polylactide and sisal loadings of 10, 20 and 30 wt% with and without coupling agent, and subjected to biodegradation in soil according to standard ISO846. Mass-loss, differential scanning calorimetry and size-exclusion chromatography were used for monitoring biodegradation. A statistical factorial analysis based on the molar mass Mn and crystallinity degree XC pointed out the relevance and interaction of amount of fibre and use of coupling agent with the time of burial in soil. During the preparation of biocomposites, chain scission provoked a similar reduction of Mn for coupled and noncoupled biocomposites. The amount of fibre was relevant for the increase of XC due to the increase of nucleation sites. The coupling agent accelerated the evolution of both factors: reduction of Mn and the consequent increase of XC, mainly during biodegradation in soil. Both factors should be balanced to facilitate microbial assimilation of polymer segments, since bacterial digestion is enhanced by chain scission but blocked by the promotion of crystalline fractions.

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Section: Impact Of Biodegradation In Soil On the Chemical Structure Osupporting

confidence: 81%

Relevant factors for the eco-design of polylactide/sisal biocomposites to control biodegradation in soil in an end-of-life scenario

Badía

Strömberg

Kittikorn

et al. 2017

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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“…It has melt flow index of 14 g/10 min (210 °C, 2.16 kg), specific gravity 1.24 and relative viscosity 3.3 [ 28 ]. It has an average molecular weight M w 228.2 kg/mol and M n 154.8 kg/mol determined in conjunction with this study by Virtanen et al [ 29 ].…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 71%

“…The tensile strength reduction indicates PLA degradation due to additional thermal stress, which has also been found by other authors [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. The effect of compounding on PLA 3052D molecular weight was determined in study by Virtanen et al [ 29 ]. The same compounding method was used in this study and the current composite results can be compared to the PLA ref.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Surfactants on the Preparation of Nanocellulose-PLA Composites

2017

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Thermoplastic composite materials containing wood fibers are gaining increasing interest in the manufacturing industry. One approach is to use nano- or micro-size cellulosic fibrils as additives and to improve the mechanical properties obtainable with only small fibril loadings by exploiting the high aspect ratio and surface area of nanocellulose. In this study, we used four different wood cellulose-based materials in a thermoplastic polylactide (PLA) matrix: cellulose nanofibrils produced from softwood kraft pulp (CNF) and dissolving pulp (CNFSD), enzymatically prepared high-consistency nanocellulose (HefCel) and microcellulose (MC) together with long alkyl chain dispersion-improving agents. We observed increased impact strength with HefCel and MC addition of 5% and increased tensile strength with CNF addition of 3%. The addition of a reactive dispersion agent, epoxy-modified linseed oil, was found to be favorable in combination with HefCel and MC.

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“…39 The processing setup is schematically illustrated in Figure 1, and the different material combinations are shown in detail in Table II. Compacted UHKP and BHKP fibers, with and without additives, were compounded with PLA to a fiber content of 30 wt % using a corotating twin-screw extruder (Berstorff ZE 25x48D; Berstorff GmbH, Hannover, Germany).…”

Section: Materials and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Small amount of moisture in pulp fibers has been shown to preserve the fiber length during melt processing without significantly affecting the mechanical properties of the PLA composites through PLA degradation, when excess water is removed by effective vacuuming. 39 The processing setup is schematically illustrated in Figure 1, and the different material combinations are shown in detail in Table II. After compounding, the compounds were injection molded using a cold mold with an injection-molding (Engel ES 200/50 HL, Engel Austria GmbH, Schwertberg, Austria) into ISO 3167 tensile test specimens with a length of 150 mm and a 10 mm wide by 4 mm thick by 80 mm long midsection.…”

Section: Materials and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of pulp bleaching and compatibilizer selection on performance of pulp fiber reinforced PLA biocomposites

Peltola

Immonen

Johansson

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This article focuses on the effect of pulp bleaching and emerging commercial compatibilizers on physical performance of pulp fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposites. Industrially bleached and unbleached hardwood kraft pulp fibers are treated with several additive types, and compounded with PLA to fiber content of 30 wt %. After injection molding, the produced biocomposites are evaluated by their mechanical performance and fiber-matrix adhesion. For selected materials, fiber surface and fiber properties are reflected to composite performance by analyzing the compositions, dimensions, and lignin coverage of original fibers, as well as fiber dispersion and dimensions after melt processing. As a conclusion, unbleached kraft pulp fibers provide significant improvement in physical properties of PLA/pulp fiber composites. Of the screened compatibilizers, epoxidated linseed oil has a clear positive effect on performance when bleached kraft pulp fibers are used. The improvements correspond to enhanced fiber-matrix adhesion and differences in remaining fiber length distributions.

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Cellulose kraft pulp reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites: effect of fibre moisture content

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Relevant factors for the eco-design of polylactide/sisal biocomposites to control biodegradation in soil in an end-of-life scenario

Relevant factors for the eco-design of polylactide/sisal biocomposites to control biodegradation in soil in an end-of-life scenario

Effects of Surfactants on the Preparation of Nanocellulose-PLA Composites

Influence of pulp bleaching and compatibilizer selection on performance of pulp fiber reinforced PLA biocomposites

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