Cellular and molecular mechanisms of aflatoxin B1-mediated neurotoxicity: The therapeutic role of natural bioactive compounds

Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 by Phytochemicals in Agriculture and Food Science

“…Multiple studies have shown that AFB 1 and its metabolites have high oxidative activity and genotoxicity, which might cause gene mutations, oxidative stress damage, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the metabolic systems such as the liver and kidney, reproductive system, nervous system, immune system, and digestive system of human and animals. , AFB 1 can also cross the blood–brain barrier and cause neurotoxicity in the central nervous system. Moreover, AFB 1 inhibits antioxidant protein expression, induces cell cycle arrest and DNA damage, leading to the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of various nerve cells . The reproductive toxic effects of AFB 1 were observed in different animal studies through in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF), measurement of physiological indicators including ROS and GSH, detection of DNA damage markers, and multiple omics analyses. − In addition to inducing increased oxidative stress and DNA damage, AFB 1 reduces the expression of cell cycle-related genes in porcine and mouse oocytes, resulting in cell cycle abnormalities. , AFB 1 has toxic effects on the germ cells and accessory cells of livestock such as bovines, sheep, and goats, thus seriously endangering the development of gametes and fertilized eggs and causing great economic losses. ,,, Furthermore, previous study reported the presence of AFB 1 in fetal cord blood following maternal exposure to AFB 1 , which might significantly affect fetal development …”

“…The phase II metabolism of AFB 1 mainly mediates its detoxification, and the main functional enzymes are the glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) family. , Similar to CYP450s, GSTs have multiple isoenzymes in different species, including GSTA, GSTO, GSTM, GSTP, and GSTT, which can promote the binding of glutathione (GSH) to hydrophobic nonpolar compounds. The phase II metabolism is also described as a detoxification process because this interaction promotes the solubilization of carcinogenic hydrophobic compounds such as AFBO, which further inhibits the formation of AFBO–DNA adducts and produces more soluble metabolites, accelerating their excretion from the cell.…”

Food-Grade Expression of Two Laccases in Pichia pastoris and Study on Their Enzymatic Degradation Characteristics for Mycotoxins

“…Food and feed contamination by mycotoxins has been causing significant issues in recent decades. , According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, more than a quarter of the world’s crops and agricultural products are contaminated with mycotoxins, in which aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON) are the most prevalent ones . These mycotoxins are associated with harmful effects, including neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, extrahepatic toxicity, and hepatotoxicity. − The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified AFB 1 as a class I carcinogen, while ZEN and DON were regarded as class III carcinogens. , Therefore, the development of an efficient mycotoxin detoxification technology is urgently needed.…”

Combined Strategies for Improving Aflatoxin B1 Degradation Ability and Yield of a Bacillus licheniformis CotA-Laccase

“…Aflatoxins are the most common mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus species, such as A. nomius and A. flavus , and pose significant hazards to the health of humans and animals [ 2 , 3 ]. Among aflatoxins, aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) has received special attention due to its severe hepatotoxic, teratogenic, as well as carcinogenic toxicity [ 4 ]. Furthermore, AFB 1 contamination causes huge economic losses to food and feed production each year [ 5 ].…”