Cell wall‐localized Bt protein endows rice high resistance to Lepidoptera pests

Abstract

BACKGROUNDThe commercialized Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) crops accumulate Bt protein within cells, but the intracellular interactions of foreign protein with endogenous protein inevitably result in large or small unintended effects. In this study, the Bt gene Cry1Ca was linked with the sequences of extracellular secretion signal peptide and carbohydrate binding module 11 to constitute a fusion gene SP‐Cry1Ca‐CBM11, and the fusion gene driven by constitutive promoters was used for secreting and anchoring onto the cell wall to minimize unintended effects.RESULTSThe transient expression in tobacco leaves demonstrated that the fusion protein was anchored on cell walls. The Cry1Ca contents of five homozygous rice transformants of single‐copy insertion were different and descended in the order leaf > root > stem. The maximum content of Cry1Ca was 17.55 μg g−1 in leaves of transformant 21H037. The bioassay results revealed that the transformants exhibited high resistance to lepidopteran pests. The corrected mortality of pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens) and striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) ranged from 96.33% to 100%, and from 83.32% to 100%, respectively, and the corrected mortality of rice leaf roller (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) was 92.53%. Besides, the agronomic traits of the five transformants were normal and similar to that of the recipient, and the transformants were highly resistant to glyphosate at the germination and seedling stages.CONCLUSIONThe fusion Bt protein was accumulated on cell walls and endowed the rice with high resistance to lepidopteran pests without unintended effects in agronomic traits. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Long-Term Impact of Household Debts on Household Consumption in the Context of High Housing Prices in China

“…For middle-aged families, the negative impact on consumption is more substantial, and they will reduce consumption to pay off the debt. Although household debt is reflected in the wealth effect, the limited risk-bearing capacity has a more significant crowding-out effect on the overall consumption pattern (Li et al, 2011;Zhao, 2017). These findings support the understanding that there is a difference in earning capacity and the factors that influence spending (Graham et al, 2020;Wei et al, 2022).…”

“…Following are the three main points that emerged from the prior literature that require attention to understand the relationship between household debt and household consumption patterns: First, most of the previous studies focused on short-term credit, while for medium-and long-term loans, theoretical and practical considerations still lack sufficient attention and research (Li et al, 2011).…”