CdO/CdCO3 nanocomposite physical properties and cytotoxicity against selected breast cancer cell lines

Abstract

Cadmium Oxide nanoparticles have the lowest toxicity when compared to nanoparticles of other semiconductors and they are not detrimental to human and mammalian cells, thereby making them candidates for targeting cancer cells. Synadenium cupulare plant extracts were used to synthesize CdO/CdCO3 nanocomposite using cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate 98% as a precursor salt. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The nanoparticles were then screened for effect on breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA MB-231) and Vero cell line to determine their growth inhibition effect. Cytotoxicity effect was evaluated using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. XRD showed the peaks of monteponite CdO and otavite CdCO3 nanoparticles. TEM results showed irregular and spherical particles of varying sizes, whilst SEM revealed a non-uniform morphology. FTIR results showed peaks of functional groups which are present in some of the phytochemical compounds found in S. cupulare, and point to the presence of CdO. Annealed CdO/CdCO3 NPs showed selectivity for MCF7 and MDA MB231 in comparison to Vero cell line, thereby supporting the hypothesis that cadmium oxide nanoparticles inhibit growth of cancerous cells more than non-cancerous cells.

Assessment of Lewis‐Acidic Surface Sites Using Tetrahydrofuran as a Suitable and Smart Probe Molecule

“…Three distinct diffraction peaks can be observed in patterns b‐d of mixed MoO 3 ‐CdO samples at 2θ=29.25° (112), 31.99° (004) and 34.38° (200), which could be related to the formation of tetragonal phase CdMoO 4 in these mixtures (JCPDS # 07–0209) [24–26] . The crystallite size of the obtained different phases in these samples, that is, α‐MoO 3 , CdO and CdMoO 4 , was calculated using the Scherrer equation [22] . For MoO 3 in all patterns a‐d, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the narrow Debye–Scherrer line at 2θ=27.30° was used to calculate the crystallite size of MoO 3 , revealing a size range of 65–80 nm [27] .…”

“…All patterns of pure MoO 3 and mixed oxide samples a‐d showed a group of sharp diffractions of orthorhombic MoO 3 (α‐MoO 3 , JCPDS#35‐0609) at 2θ=12.77, 23.31, 25.75, 27.30, 29.43, 33.75, 35.45, 39.32, 46.51 and 49.37° which correspond to (020), (110), (040), (021), (130), (111), (041), (060), (061) and (002) crystal facets (α‐MoO 3 , JCPDS#35‐0609). [ 20 , 21 ] On the other hand, the XRD pattern of CdO clearly displayed five very strong diffraction peaks at 2θ=33.07° (111), 38.34° (200), 55.30° (220), 65.96° (311) and 69.26° (222) which belong to face‐centred system (Monteponite CdO, JCPDS # 5‐0640) as shown in Figure 1 e.[ 22 , 23 ] Three distinct diffraction peaks can be observed in patterns b‐d of mixed MoO 3 ‐CdO samples at 2θ=29.25° (112), 31.99° (004) and 34.38° (200), which could be related to the formation of tetragonal phase CdMoO 4 in these mixtures (JCPDS # 07–0209). [ 24 , 25 , 26 ] The crystallite size of the obtained different phases in these samples, that is, α‐MoO 3 , CdO and CdMoO 4 , was calculated using the Scherrer equation.…”

“…[20,21] On the other hand, the XRD pattern of CdO clearly displayed five very strong diffraction peaks at 2θ = 33.07°(111), 38.34°(200), 55.30°(220), 65.96°(311) and 69.26°(222) which belong to face-centred system (Monteponite CdO, JCPDS # 5-0640) as shown in Figure 1e. [22,23] Three distinct diffraction peaks can be observed in patterns b-d of mixed MoO 3 -CdO samples at 2θ = 29.25°(112), 31.99°(004) and 34.38°( 200), which could be related to the formation of tetragonal phase CdMoO 4 in these mixtures (JCPDS # 07-0209). [24][25][26] The crystallite size of the obtained different phases in these samples, that is, α-MoO 3 , CdO and CdMoO 4 , was calculated using the Scherrer equation.…”

“…[24][25][26] The crystallite size of the obtained different phases in these samples, that is, α-MoO 3 , CdO and CdMoO 4 , was calculated using the Scherrer equation. [22] For MoO 3 in all patterns a-d, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the narrow Debye-Scherrer line at 2θ = 27.30°was used to calculate the crystallite size of MoO 3 , revealing a size range of 65-80 nm. [27] Furthermore, the diffraction line at 2θ = 29.25°was used for calculations in the case of tetragonal CdMoO 4 , [26] where its crystallite size was calculated to be in the range of 69-82 nm.…”

Plant Derived Bioactive Compounds, Their Anti-Cancer Effects and In Silico Approaches as an Alternative Target Treatment Strategy for Breast Cancer: An Updated Overview

“…Tannins, saponins, flavonoids and glycosides were present in the leaf extract which showed anti-cancer properties. The IC 50 values of various extracts are shown in Table 4 [ 83 ].…”