Causes, types, etiological agents, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, effects on human health and future aspects of bovine mastitis

Ashraf, Aqeela; Imran, Muhammad

doi:10.1017/s1466252319000094

Cited by 79 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 152 publications

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“…Extensive and uncontrolled use of antibiotics for the treatment along with the induction and persistence of biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance in mastitis has led to the decreased response to antibiotic therapy (Park et al 2012 ; Babra et al 2013 ). Although vaccination is ineffective against bovine mastitis because a variety of microorganisms are involved in its development; nevertheless, S. aureus , Streptococcus uberis ( S. uberis ), and E. coli were thought to be the major targets for vaccine development (Wilson et al 2009 ; Bradley et al 2015 ; Collado et al 2016 ; Ashraf and Imran 2020 ). Even though several commercial vaccines are available, most of them failed to demonstrate sufficient protection and at the same time are costly (Côté-Gravel and Malouin 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in therapeutic and managemental approaches of bovine mastitis: a comprehensive review

Sharun

Dhama

Tiwari

et al. 2021

Veterinary Quarterly

185

103

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Mastitis (intramammary inflammation) caused by infectious pathogens is still considered a devastating condition of dairy animals affecting animal welfare as well as economically incurring huge losses to the dairy industry by means of decreased production performance and increased culling rates. Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary glands/udder of bovines, caused by bacterial pathogens, in most cases. Routine diagnosis is based on clinical and subclinical forms of the disease. This underlines the significance of early and rapid identification/detection of etiological agents at the farm level, for which several diagnostic techniques have been developed. Therapeutic regimens such as antibiotics, immunotherapy, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, stem cell therapy, native secretory factors, nutritional, dry cow and lactation therapy, genetic selection, herbs, and nanoparticle technology-based therapy have been evaluated for their efficacy in the treatment of mastitis. Even though several strategies have been developed over the years for the purpose of managing both clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis, all of them lacked the efficacy to eliminate the associated etiological agent when used as a monotherapy. Further, research has to be directed towards the development of new therapeutic agents/techniques that can both replace conventional techniques and also solve the problem of emerging antibiotic resistance. The objective of the present review is to describe the etiological agents, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in brief along with an extensive discussion on the advances in the treatment and management of mastitis, which would help safeguard the health of dairy animals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in therapeutic and managemental approaches of bovine mastitis: a comprehensive review

Sharun

Dhama

Tiwari

et al. 2021

Veterinary Quarterly

185

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In both cases the production of milk decreases to differing extents. Mastitis negatively impacts milk quality which adversely affects downstream milk processing [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Physiological changes, such as swelling or inflammation of the mammary gland or a change in milk yield, colour or consistency, can be the primary signs of mastitis. However, these signs occur only in the clinical form, therefore the most common method for diagnosing mastitis in dairy cows is to measure the somatic cell count [9]. Cows that have above 2.0 × 10 5 somatic cells/mL are considered to be subclinically infected [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk Lactose as a Biomarker of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows

Antanaitis

Juozaitienė

Jonikė

et al. 2021

Animals

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Bovine subclinical mastitis can cause great harm to dairy herds because of its negative impact on milk production and quality and cow health. Improved diagnostic tools are needed to maximise the control of subclinical mastitis distribution and ensure the high quality of milk as an industrial product. Between 2015 and 2020, seventy-two dairy herds were screened for bovine subclinical mastitis causative agents to identify the relationship between seasons, lactose levels and subclinical mastitis infection. The predominant species found in the milk samples were mixed microbiota, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. Yeasts were found exclusively in autumn, while Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli were only found in summer and autumn. A negative correlation was detected between milk lactose and number of somatic cells in milk (−0.471; p < 0.001). The lactose levels in milk were closely associated with the prevalence (%) of subclinical mastitis pathogens, such as Streptococcus agalactiae (y = −1.8011x + 10.867, R2 = 0.9298), Staph. aureus (y = −3.5216x + 25.957, R2 = 0.8604) and other Streptococci (y = −0.5956x + 7.6179, R2 = 0.6656). These findings suggest that milk lactose may be used as a biomarker of suspected udder inflammation in modern health prevention programmes for cows to reduce the prevalence of subclinical mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle herds.

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“…e penetration of pathogenic bacteria into the mammary gland produces toxins, enzymes, and cell wall components that can induce inflammation. e inflammatory process stimulates infiltrations of immune cells from blood to the site of infection, resulting in an elevated milk SCC, thereby increasing systemic proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines [43,44]. e immune response either destroys the pathogens by phagocytosis or creating reactive oxygen molecules and antimicrobial peptides.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Potential of Qicao Rukang Powder in Bovine Subclinical Mastitis

Imam

Oladejo²,

et al. 2021

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Background. Subclinical mastitis is one of the most common reproductive diseases in dairy cows. Qicao Rukang powder is a Chinese herbal compound mixture developed to treat subclinical mastitis in dairy cows by clearing heat, tonifying qi, and improving blood and milk circulation. The study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial efficacy of Qicao Rukang powder in treating subclinical mastitis in dairy cows at the manufacturer’s recommended dose. Methods. Forty (40) Holstein dairy cows with milk somatic cell count (SCC) ≥ 500,000 cellml−1 were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups. Cows in the treatment group were administered with 150 grams of Qicao Rukang powder orally for five days, while the control group received no treatment. The authors analyzed the milk SCC, milk composition, bacteriological cure rate of the drug, blood serum levels of interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interferon gamma (INF-γ) quantified by using ELISA kits on day 0 and day 6. Results. SCC of the treated group reduced very significantly ( P < 0.001 ) compared with the control group. Milk fat, protein, and total solids increased significantly ( P < 0.05 ) after treatment, whereas lactose and milk urea nitrogen levels showed a nonsubstantial rise. The bacteriological cure percentage of Qicao Rukang powder therapy was 77.8% for Aeromonas spp. (14 of 18), 75% for Pseudomonas spp. (6 of 8), and 100% for Acinetobacter spp. and Enterococcus spp. giving 81.8% cured for all isolates (27 of 33). Only 26.7% (8 of 30) of untreated cows recovered spontaneously. Analysis of IL-1β, IL-6, and INF-γ in the blood serum of the treated group revealed a significant decrease ( P < 0.01 ) with nonsignificant rises in TNF-α and IL-8 levels. Conclusions. This research demonstrates that Qicao Rukang powder has potent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory actions, supporting its use as an alternative to conventional treatment for subclinical dairy cow mastitis. However, further investigations will be required to explain the role of the active ingredients and the mechanisms involved in the pharmacological activities of the Qicao Rukang powder.

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Causes, types, etiological agents, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, effects on human health and future aspects of bovine mastitis

Cited by 79 publications

References 152 publications

Advances in therapeutic and managemental approaches of bovine mastitis: a comprehensive review

Advances in therapeutic and managemental approaches of bovine mastitis: a comprehensive review

Milk Lactose as a Biomarker of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows

Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Potential of Qicao Rukang Powder in Bovine Subclinical Mastitis

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