Cationic polymerization of styrene in the presence of added base: Living nature of the propagating species and synthesis of poly(vinyl alcohol)-graft-polystyrene

Cationic polymerization of p-methylstyrene using various metal chlorides: design rationale of initiating systems for controlled polymerization of styrenes

“…Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded using a JEOL JNM-ECA 500 spectrometer (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan; 500. 16 MHz for 1 H).…”

“…In contrast, much lower concentrations of a weak Lewis base and/or a weaker Lewis base were demonstrated to be effective for the controlled cationic polymerization of less reactive St monomers. 12,13,16,17 The limitations of initiating systems for the controlled cationic polymerization of St derivatives may include the narrower scope of effective Lewis acid catalysts compared to those of VEs. Metal trichlorides (for example, AlCl 3 , FeCl 3 and GaCl 3 ) that induce living polymerization of isobutyl VE (IBVE) 18 were reported to be inefficient for the controlled polymerization of p-methoxystyrene (pMOS).…”

Cationic polymerization of p-methylstyrene using various metal chlorides: design rationale of initiating systems for controlled polymerization of styrenes

“…Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded using a JEOL JNM-ECA 500 spectrometer (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan; 500. 16 MHz for 1 H).…”

“…In contrast, much lower concentrations of a weak Lewis base and/or a weaker Lewis base were demonstrated to be effective for the controlled cationic polymerization of less reactive St monomers. 12,13,16,17 The limitations of initiating systems for the controlled cationic polymerization of St derivatives may include the narrower scope of effective Lewis acid catalysts compared to those of VEs. Metal trichlorides (for example, AlCl 3 , FeCl 3 and GaCl 3 ) that induce living polymerization of isobutyl VE (IBVE) 18 were reported to be inefficient for the controlled polymerization of p-methoxystyrene (pMOS).…”

Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based membranes for fuel cell and water treatment applications: A review on recent advancements

“…Additionally, these functional groups can also be converted to other groups of higher reactivity for being utilized in “click chemistry” for the preparation of well‐defined graft copolymers. Preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol)‐ g ‐polystyrene (PVA‐ g ‐PS), containing well defined PS side chains, can be prepared by coupling reaction between the PS cations, obtained through living cationic polymerization, and the OH groups of partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) 41 . This approach can also be used for the preparation of graft copolymers, using other hydroxyl‐containing polymers.…”

A Renaissance in Living Cationic Polymerization

“…The living polymerization of St was also achieved with St-Cl/TiCl 4 in the presence of an added base (Bu 2 O) in C 2 H 4 Cl 2 /hexane at −15 °C, but the MWDs were not so narrow ( M w / M n ∼ 1.5). For the Al-based initiating system, the formation of a long-lived propagating species was obtained using IBEA/EtAlCl 2 with CHCl 2 COOMe in C 6 H 5 Cl at −15 °C . Although the polymerization of St retarded above 60% conversion in virtually every case, the system is effective to give well-controlled graft copolymers, PVA- g -PSt.…”

“…For the Al-based initiating system, the formation of a long-lived propagating species was obtained using IBEA/EtAlCl 2 with CHCl 2 COOMe in C 6 H 5 Cl at -15 °C. 188 Although the polymerization of St retarded above 60% conversion in virtually every case, the system is effective to give well-controlled graft copolymers, PVA-g-PSt.…”

Cationic polymerization of p-methylstyrene using various metal chlorides: design rationale of initiating systems for controlled polymerization of styrenes

“…Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded using a JEOL JNM-ECA 500 spectrometer (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan; 500. 16 MHz for 1 H).…”

“…In contrast, much lower concentrations of a weak Lewis base and/or a weaker Lewis base were demonstrated to be effective for the controlled cationic polymerization of less reactive St monomers. 12,13,16,17 The limitations of initiating systems for the controlled cationic polymerization of St derivatives may include the narrower scope of effective Lewis acid catalysts compared to those of VEs. Metal trichlorides (for example, AlCl 3 , FeCl 3 and GaCl 3 ) that induce living polymerization of isobutyl VE (IBVE) 18 were reported to be inefficient for the controlled polymerization of p-methoxystyrene (pMOS).…”

Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based membranes for fuel cell and water treatment applications: A review on recent advancements

“…Additionally, these functional groups can also be converted to other groups of higher reactivity for being utilized in “click chemistry” for the preparation of well‐defined graft copolymers. Preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol)‐ g ‐polystyrene (PVA‐ g ‐PS), containing well defined PS side chains, can be prepared by coupling reaction between the PS cations, obtained through living cationic polymerization, and the OH groups of partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) 41 . This approach can also be used for the preparation of graft copolymers, using other hydroxyl‐containing polymers.…”

A Renaissance in Living Cationic Polymerization

“…The living polymerization of St was also achieved with St-Cl/TiCl 4 in the presence of an added base (Bu 2 O) in C 2 H 4 Cl 2 /hexane at −15 °C, but the MWDs were not so narrow ( M w / M n ∼ 1.5). For the Al-based initiating system, the formation of a long-lived propagating species was obtained using IBEA/EtAlCl 2 with CHCl 2 COOMe in C 6 H 5 Cl at −15 °C . Although the polymerization of St retarded above 60% conversion in virtually every case, the system is effective to give well-controlled graft copolymers, PVA- g -PSt.…”

“…For the Al-based initiating system, the formation of a long-lived propagating species was obtained using IBEA/EtAlCl 2 with CHCl 2 COOMe in C 6 H 5 Cl at -15 °C. 188 Although the polymerization of St retarded above 60% conversion in virtually every case, the system is effective to give well-controlled graft copolymers, PVA-g-PSt.…”

Cationic polymerization of p-methylstyrene using various metal chlorides: design rationale of initiating systems for controlled polymerization of styrenes

“…Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded using a JEOL JNM-ECA 500 spectrometer (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan; 500. 16 MHz for 1 H).…”

“…In contrast, much lower concentrations of a weak Lewis base and/or a weaker Lewis base were demonstrated to be effective for the controlled cationic polymerization of less reactive St monomers. 12,13,16,17 The limitations of initiating systems for the controlled cationic polymerization of St derivatives may include the narrower scope of effective Lewis acid catalysts compared to those of VEs. Metal trichlorides (for example, AlCl 3 , FeCl 3 and GaCl 3 ) that induce living polymerization of isobutyl VE (IBVE) 18 were reported to be inefficient for the controlled polymerization of p-methoxystyrene (pMOS).…”

Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based membranes for fuel cell and water treatment applications: A review on recent advancements

“…Additionally, these functional groups can also be converted to other groups of higher reactivity for being utilized in “click chemistry” for the preparation of well‐defined graft copolymers. Preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol)‐ g ‐polystyrene (PVA‐ g ‐PS), containing well defined PS side chains, can be prepared by coupling reaction between the PS cations, obtained through living cationic polymerization, and the OH groups of partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) 41 . This approach can also be used for the preparation of graft copolymers, using other hydroxyl‐containing polymers.…”

A Renaissance in Living Cationic Polymerization

“…The living polymerization of St was also achieved with St-Cl/TiCl 4 in the presence of an added base (Bu 2 O) in C 2 H 4 Cl 2 /hexane at −15 °C, but the MWDs were not so narrow ( M w / M n ∼ 1.5). For the Al-based initiating system, the formation of a long-lived propagating species was obtained using IBEA/EtAlCl 2 with CHCl 2 COOMe in C 6 H 5 Cl at −15 °C . Although the polymerization of St retarded above 60% conversion in virtually every case, the system is effective to give well-controlled graft copolymers, PVA- g -PSt.…”

“…For the Al-based initiating system, the formation of a long-lived propagating species was obtained using IBEA/EtAlCl 2 with CHCl 2 COOMe in C 6 H 5 Cl at -15 °C. 188 Although the polymerization of St retarded above 60% conversion in virtually every case, the system is effective to give well-controlled graft copolymers, PVA-g-PSt.…”