Catecholamine systems as the neural substrate for intracranial self-stimulation: a hypothesis

German, Dwight C.; Bowden, Douglas M.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90666-0

Cited by 382 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…In turn, metmesencephalic sites produced more near-peak ICSS rates than telencephalic· sites at a CoT interval of 1.2 msec. The relative density of ICSS loci within each area is greatest for the tested diencephalic sites, less for the tested met-mesencephalic sites, and least for the tested telencephalic sites (see German & Bowden, 1974), suggesting that the density of lCSS sites surrounding an electrode placement integrally affects the shape of its CoT function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Monophasic pulse pair analysis of intracranial self-stimulation loci

et al. 1978

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Monophasic pulse pair stimulation, traditionally used to determine the refractory characteristics of peripheral nervous system neurons, has been modified for the same purpose in intracranial self-stimulation (lCSS) behavior. When the interval between pulses in a pair (C-T interval) is systematically varied, ICSS response rates change as a function of this variation. The present study evaluated alterations in the CoT interval/ICSS response rate function across ICSS loci and across stimulation conditions. Diencephalic sites supported peak ICSS responding at significantly shorter CoT intervals than met-mesencephalic or telencephalic sites. Despite previously cited differences in ICSS behavior observed within diencephalic and within met-mesencephalic loci, no differences in ICSS responding across CoT intervals were observed within diencephalic and met-mesencephalic sites. Moreover, diencephalic sites produced peak ICSS responding at shorter CoT intervals when cathodal and anodal sources were distant than when they were adjacent; the relative proximity of cathodal and anodal sources did not affect met-mesencephalic ICSS behavior. These results suggest that alterations in ICSS responding across CoT intervals are due to differences in the locus and density of ICSS neurons in the cathodal field and the presence and/or absence of adjacent anodal influences as well as the refractory characteristics of the ICSS neurons.The monophasic stimulation technique was initially employed to determine the refractory characteristics of peripheral nervous system neurons (Erlanger & Gasser, 1937;Lloyd, 1946;Sherrington, 1906). A pair of brief (0.1 msec) monophasic rectangular electrical pulses, the first of which was designated the C pulse and the second, the T pulse, would be temporally varied with respect to one another (C-T interval) during stimulation of peripheral nerves, allowing the estimation of their conduction velocity and axonal refractory periods.Deutsch (I964) modified this basic technique in order to approximate the refractory characteristics of the neurons subserving intracranial self-stimulation (lCSS) behavior. Since ICSS behavior could not be sustained by delivery of single pulse pairs as the reinforcer, Deutsch had to use trains of the monophasic pulse paii stimulation with the temporal distance between succeeding pulse pairs designated the C-C interval. To determine refractory period estimations, Deutsch varied stimulus intensities so that C-C stimulation (T pulses omitted) supported minimal ICSS rates while the same stimulus parameters with the T pulses spaced midway between the C pulses (Le.,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Monophasic pulse pair analysis of intracranial self-stimulation loci

et al. 1978

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“…Both the meso-cortical dopamine fibers and the nigrostriatal dopamine fibers pass through the lateral hypothalamus, which is a part of the medial forebrain bundle and the most effective brain area of the BSR. Therefore, electrical stimulation through electrodes implanted in the lateral hypothalamus or the medial forebrain bundle could directly activate dopamine fibers passing these structures (German & Bowden, 1974;Wise & Rompre, 1989). Thus, activation of the dopamine system could produce the BSR effect, and hence generate pleasant and happy feeling in animals and humans.…”

Section: Dopamine and Pleasant Feelingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Mechanisms of Happiness

Funahashi

2011

PSYCHOLOGIA -An International Journal of Psychological Sciences

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“…Mainly in the rat, considerable effort has been devoted to identifying the particular neural pathways, for example, catecholamine pathways, which are best correlated with the areas where selfstimulation can be obtained (see ref. 6). However, only few studies have attempted to examine the neural systems which are actually activated by rewarding stimulation (see refs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurophysiological analysis of brain-stimulation reward in the monkey

1980

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SUMMARYNeuronal activity related to brain-stimulation reward and to feeding was analyzed in rhesus monkeys and squirrel monkeys as follows. First, self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala and nucleus accumbens was found. Second, a population of single neurones in the lateral hypothalamus was found to be trans-synaptically activated from one or several self-stimulation sites. It was also found that populations of neurones in the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala were activated from at least some of the self-stimulation sites. Thus, in the monkey, there is evidence for an interconnected set of self-stimulation sites, stimulation in any one of which may activate neurones in the other regions. These sites include the lateral hypothalamus, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex. Third, in one sample of 764 neurones in the lateral hypothalamus and substantia innominata which were activated from brainstimulation reward sites, 13.6 ~ were also activated during feeding, by the sight and/or taste of food. The responses of the neurones with activity associated with taste occurred only while some substances (e.g. sweet substances such as glucose) were in the mouth, depended on the concentration of the substances being tasted, and were independent of mouth movements made by the monkeys. Fourth, the responses of these neurones occurred to food when the monkeys were hungry, but not when they were satiated. Fifth, self-stimulation occurred in the region of these neurones in the lateral hypothalamus and substantia innominata, and was attenuated by satiety. These results suggest that self-stimulation of some brain sites occurs because of activation of neurones in the lateral hypothalamus and substantia innominata activated by the sight

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Catecholamine systems as the neural substrate for intracranial self-stimulation: a hypothesis

Cited by 382 publications

References 160 publications

Monophasic pulse pair analysis of intracranial self-stimulation loci

Monophasic pulse pair analysis of intracranial self-stimulation loci

Brain Mechanisms of Happiness

Neurophysiological analysis of brain-stimulation reward in the monkey

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