Case‐control study of dietary etiological factors: The Melbourne colorectal cancer study

Kune, Susan; Kune, Gabriel A.; Watson, Lyndsey F.

doi:10.1080/01635588709513908

Cited by 300 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…For P-carotene, ascorbic acid, vitamin E and folate there was a significant trend for a protective effect with increasing consumption quintiles, considering both the model including only age and sex and that including all potential confounding factors. The protective effect was generally more evident after multivariate analysis: the estimated RR for the (Newmark et al, 1984;Garland et al, 1985;Sorenson et al, 1988), ascorbic acid (Kune et al, 1987), P-carotene (Benito et al, 1991), folate (Freudenheim et al, 1991;Giovannucci et al, 1993) or vitamin E (Longnecker et al, 1992), but there have been no systematic efforts to allow for the potential effect of one micronutrient on that of others. This is of specific interest, since several of these micronutrients are highly correlated.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected micronutrient intake and the risk of colorectal cancer

Ferraroni

Vecchia²,

D'Avanzo³

et al. 1994

Br J Cancer

190

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SummaryThe relationship between estimated intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of colorectal cancer was analysed using data from a case-control study conducted in northern Italy. The There are indications that several micronutrients may influence the process of colorectal carcinogenesis. These include a potential protective effect of folate (Benito et al., 1991;Freudenheim et al., 1991), a co-factor in the methylation of thymidylate for DNA synthesis and the production of S-adenosylmethionine, the primary methyl donor in the body (Cooper, 1983); of calcium, which may react with fatty acids to form insoluble soaps (Newmark et al., 1984;Garland et al., 1985;Sorenson et al., 1988); and of ascorbic acid, Pcarotene and vitamin E, which may act as antioxidants (Iscovich et al., 1992;Longnecker et al., 1992). Two companion cohort studies (Giovannucci et al., 1993), including 564 women and 331 men with colorectal adenoma, have also suggested that folate may have a specific favourable effect on preneoplastic large bowel lesions. No convincing association for any micronutrients, however, has emerged from other studies (Peters et al., 1992), and the issue is therefore still unsettled, particularly since most studies did not make adequate allowance for various micronutrients.To provide further data on the issue, we have considered the role of selected micronutrients on colorectal carcinogenesis using data from a case-control study conducted in the greater Milan area, previously considered with reference to intake of specific foods (La Vecchia et al., 1988 The control group included patients admitted for a wide spectrum of acute, non-neoplastic, non-digestive tract conditions to the same network of hospitals where cases had been identified. Of these, 47% were admitted for traumatic conditions, 20% had non-traumatic orthopaedic diseases, 19% had acute surgical conditions, and 14% had other miscellaneous disorders. A total of 2,024 controls were included in the present analysis. The age range was 19-74 years, and the median age was 55 years. The catchment areas of cases and controls were comparable: over 80% of cases and controls resided in Lombardy, and over 90% came from northern Italy. Less than 3% of eligible subjects (cases and controls) refused to be interviewed.Trained interviewers used a structured questionnaire to obtain information on general sociodemographic factors and lifestyle habits, weight and height, a problem-oriented medical history and family history of colorectal cancer. Further, information on the frequency of consumption per week of 29 indicator foods was collected. These included major sources of P-carotene, retinol, ascorbic acid, vitamins D and E, folate, methionine and calcium in the Italian diet. We computed nutrient intake by multiplying the consumption frequency of each unit of food by the nutrient content of the standard average portions, using composition values from the Italian composition tables (Fidanza & Verdiglioni, 1988), with the integration of other sources when these were no...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected micronutrient intake and the risk of colorectal cancer

Ferraroni

Vecchia²,

D'Avanzo³

et al. 1994

Br J Cancer

190

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“…The daily consumption of 2% fat-milk or skim milk was not associated with colon cancer but 2% fat-milk was found to be significantly protective for rectal cancer. Four case-control studies reported significant protective effects (Kune et al, 1987;Macquart-Moulin et al, 1986;La Vecchia et al, 1988), but not consistently for both sexes or both colon and rectum. The average estimate from casecontrol studies is OR: 0.98 (95% CI: 0.82 -1.05; (Figure 2).…”

Section: Milkmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dairy products and colorectal cancer. A review of possible mechanisms and epidemiological evidence

2003

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Objectives: This review provides an overview of the principal hypotheses and epidemiological evidence of the possible links between colorectal cancer and intake of milk and=or dairy products. Methods: The first section outlines the main hypotheses about the possible effect of calcium, vitamin D, fats and other milk components. The possible role of acid lactic bateria in fermented products is also discussed. The second section is a summary of the published epidemiological evidence. The results on milk, cheese and yoghurt are summarized using a meta-analytical approach. The results of studies on calcium and vitamin D are briefly described. Results: Case -control studies are heterogeneous and, on average, do not provide evidence of association between total intake of total dairy products, milk, cheese or yoghurt and colorectal cancer risk. The average result from cohort studies support the hypothesis of a protective effect of total dairy products (odds ratio (OR): 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52 -0.74; P heterogeneity test: 0.93) and for milk (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.68 -0.95; P heterogeneity: 0.77). No association was found between cheese (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.88 -1.36; P heterogeneity: 0.55) or yoghurt (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.83 -1.28; P heterogeneity: 0.69) in cohort studies. Conclusions: Cohort studies consistently found a protective effect of total dairy products and milk intake, but the evidence is not supported by case -control studies. No relationship was found with cheese or yoghurt intake. As the number of cohort studies is still limited, their results need to be confirmed by other prospective studies.

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“…Table 1 contains 30 case -control studies that had at least 99 cases and reported on meat intake (Benito et al, 1990;Bidoli et al, 1992;Centonze et al, 1994;Dales et al, 1979;Gerhardsson et al, 1991;Graham et al, 1978;Haenszel et al, 1973Haenszel et al, , 1980Hu et al, 1991;Iscovich et al, 1992;Kampman et al, 1995Kampman et al, , 1999Kato et al, 1990;Kune et al, 1987; La Vecchia (1992) 248 Italy Yes I R þ beef & pork; C-ve Centonze et al (1994) 118 Italy Yes H NS Dales et al (1979) 99 US Blacks -I N S Gerhardsson et al (1991) 559 Sweden Yes H C and R þ meats Graham et al (1978)) 586 USA (NY) -I N S Haenszel et al (1973) 179 Japanese in Hawaii -L CRC þ meat Heanszel et al (1980) 588 Japan --NS Hu et al (1991) 336 China Yes -NS Iscovich et al (1992) 110 Argentina Yes H NS Kampman et al (1995) 312 Netherlands Yes H NS Kampman et al (1999) 1542 USA Multicentre --NS Kato et al (1990) 221 Japan -I N S Kune et al (1987) 715 Australia Yes -C þ beef men, not women R þ lamb women, not men La Vecchia et al (1988) 575 N. Italy Yes -RR 2.0 CRC for meat but 3.0 for pasta þ rice La Vecchia et al (1996) 1326 N. Itlay -H CRC þ (1.6) for red meat Lee et al (1989) 203 Singapore Yes H NS Lyon et al (1988) 246 Utah, USA Yes -NS Macquart-Moulin et al (1986) 399 France Yes I NS Manousos et al (1983) 100 Greece Yes -CRC þ beef and lamb Miller et al (1983) 542 Canada Yes -R þ beef (?) Muscat et al (1994) 511 USA --NS Peters et al (1989) 146 Los Angeles, USA Yes -NS Peters et al (1992) 746 Los Angeles, USA Yes H NS Steinmetz et al (1993)…”

Section: The Case -Control Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meat consumption and cancer of the large bowel

2002

Eur J Clin Nutr

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studies relating (red) meat consumption and colorectal cancer have been published or found by search. These are collected here.Thirty adequate case -control studies have been published up to 1999 (from 16 different countries). Twenty of them found no significant association of (red) meat with colorectal cancer. Of the remaining 10 studies reporting an association, some obtained statistical significance only in rectal or colon cancers, another only in men, not women, or found a stronger association with pasta and rice, or used an inadequate food list in the food frequency questionnaire.Fifteen cohort studies have now been published. { Only in three were significant associations of (red) meat found with colorectal cancer. Two of these positive studies were from the same group in the USA (relative risk 1.7). The results of the third positive study appear to conflict with data from part of the vegetarians follow up mortality study.Here, five groups of vegetarians (in three different countries) with socially matched controls were followed up (total 76 000 people). Mortality from colorectal cancer was not distinguishable between vegetarians and controls.While it is still possible that certain processed meats or sausages (with a variety of added ingredients) or meats cooked at very high temperature carry some risk, the relationship between meats in general and colorectal cancer now looks weaker than the 'probable' status it was judged to have by the WCRF in 1997.

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Case‐control study of dietary etiological factors: The Melbourne colorectal cancer study

Cited by 300 publications

References 30 publications

Selected micronutrient intake and the risk of colorectal cancer

Selected micronutrient intake and the risk of colorectal cancer

Dairy products and colorectal cancer. A review of possible mechanisms and epidemiological evidence

Meat consumption and cancer of the large bowel

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