Cascade of immune mechanism and consequences of inflammatory disorders

Megha, K. B.; Joseph, X.; Akhil, V.; Mohanan, P.V.

doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153712

Cited by 97 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 168 publications

(161 reference statements)

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“…( 26) Naturally, the immune system has some mechanisms to reduce inflammation such as regulating chemical mediators (vasoactive peptides and amines), various immune cells, acute-phase proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and eicosanoids. (27) These mechanisms avoid tissue damage and repair the tissue functions. The process of recovery from inflammation involves complex pathways.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bifidobacterium lactis Inhibits iNOS Expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Negara

Choi

2022

Indones Biomed J

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BACKGROUND: Bifidobacterium is a genus of lactic acid bacteria that lives in the large intestine of humans and animals. The health benefits of this genus are well established; however, the anti-inflammatory activity of this genus, specifically Bifidobacterium lactis, has not been well defined. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated anti-inflammatory activity of B. lactis hydrolysates using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.METHODS: RAW 264.7 cells were cultured using Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium in 5 % CO2 incubator at 37 ℃. One µg/mL of LPS was used to stimulate RAW 264.7 cells. Nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were measured to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of B. lactis hydrolysates. The cytotoxicity of the inhibitor was also measured in present study through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay.RESULTS: The results showed that B. lactis hydrolysates at 25–200 μg/mL inhibited NO production. In concentration-dependent manner, B. lactis hydrolysate showed inhibition of iNOS expression. However, no inhibition on COX-2 expression was observed. The MTS assay of the B. lactis hydrolysates showed no side effects on the cell viability at all concentrations.CONCLUSION: The current study revealed that B. lactis hydrolysates possess specific anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting iNOS expression without cytotoxicity and therefore could potentially be developed as a new iNOS inhibitor.KEYWORDS: Bifidobacterium lactis, macrophages, hydrolysates, iNOS, COX-2

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bifidobacterium lactis Inhibits iNOS Expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Negara

Choi

2022

Indones Biomed J

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“…In this study, we further demonstrated that IFN-γ led to increased inflammation, as compared to C. trachomatis infection alone, characterized by IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-6. These proinflammatory cytokines are typically associated to cell damage [40], although it remains unknown whether this IFN-γ-mediated immunological effect on human synovial cells is helpful or harmful during C. trachomatis infection. However, both IL-1β and IL-8 have been shown to actively participate with other cytokines in the systemic inflammatory response during C. trachomatis infection [41,42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential IFNγ Modulation of Inflammasome Pathway in Chlamydia trachomatis Infected Synovial Cells

Filardo¹,

Pietro²,

Frasca

et al. 2021

Life

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Following a Chlamydia trachomatis infection, the host immune response is characterized by its recognition via Toll-like and Nod-like Receptors, and the subsequent activation of interferon (IFN)-γ-mediated signaling pathways. Recently, the inflammasome-mediated host cell response has emerged to play a role in the physiopathology of C. trachomatis infection. Here we investigated, for the first time, the interaction of IFN-γ and inflammasome in an in vitro model of C. trachomatis-infected primary human synovial cells. Chlamydial replication as well as the expression of caspase-1, IL-1β, as well as IL-18 and IL-6, were assayed. Our results demonstrated the inhibitory activity of IFN-γ by interfering with the inflammasome network through the downregulation of caspase-1 mRNA expression. In addition, the ability of C. trachomatis to hinder the inflammasome pathway favoring its intracellular survival within synovial cells, was observed. Overall, our data suggest a potential mechanism of immune evasion by C. trachomatis in synovial cells, that may be contested by IFN-γ.

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“…Binding of a cytokine or chemokine ligand triggers a cascade of events regulating various cellular functions such as phagocytosis, cytokine secretion, cell activation and cell proliferation, among others. These potent signalling molecules thus are a cornerstone of any investigation that deals with inflammation [ 132 ]. Following macrophage activation, NF-κB promotes gene expression of a wide variety of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); chemokines such as IL-8, m acrophage i nflammatory p roteins (MIP)-1, m onocyte c hemoattractant p rotein-1 (MCP-1) or C–C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2, r egulated on a ctivation n ormal T cell e xpressed and s ecreted (RANTES) or CCL5 and eotaxin; and inducible effector enzymes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) ( Fig.…”

Section: Determination Of Cytokines and Chemokines Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding immune-modulatory efficacy in vitro

Khatua

Simal-Gándara

Acharya

2022

Chemico-Biological Interactions

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Boosting or suppressing our immune system represents an attractive adjunct in the treatment of infections including SARS-CoV-2, cancer, AIDS, malnutrition, age related problems and some inflammatory disorders. Thus, there has been a growing interest in exploring and developing novel drugs, natural or synthetic, that can manipulate our defence mechanism. Many of such studies, reported till date, have been designed to explore effect of the therapeutic on function of macrophages, being a key component in innate immune system. Indeed, RAW264.7, J774A.1, THP-1 and U937 cell lines act as ideal model systems for preliminary investigation and selection of dose for in vivo studies. Several bioassays have been standardized so far where many techniques require high throughput instruments, cost effective reagents and technical assistance that may hinder many scholars to perform a method demanding compilation of available protocols. In this review, we have taken an attempt for the first time to congregate commonly used in vitro immune-modulating techniques explaining their principles. The study detected that among about 40 different assays and more than 150 sets of primers, the methods of cell proliferation by MTT, phagocytosis by neutral red, NO detection by Griess reaction and estimation of expression of TLRs, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β by PCR have been the most widely used to screen the therapeutics under investigation.

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Cascade of immune mechanism and consequences of inflammatory disorders

Cited by 97 publications

References 168 publications

Bifidobacterium lactis Inhibits iNOS Expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Bifidobacterium lactis Inhibits iNOS Expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Potential IFNγ Modulation of Inflammasome Pathway in Chlamydia trachomatis Infected Synovial Cells

Understanding immune-modulatory efficacy in vitro

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