Cartilage and diarthrodial joints as paradigms for hierarchical materials and structures

Mow, Van C.; Ratcliffe, Anthony; Poole, A. Robin

doi:10.1016/0142-9612(92)90001-5

Cited by 833 publications

(665 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…When subjected to simple uniaxial loading in unconfined compression with a flat, nonporous indenter, articular cartilage explants exhibited heterogeneous strain patterns. Strain magnitudes depended on depth, an expected result considering the microstructural organization of cartilage [22] in conjunction with the constraint imposed by the articular cartilage-subchondral bone interface. The largest compressive strain magnitudes (approximately 1 1%) were observed in the thickness direction (Ey,,) at the articular surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The strain in the thickness direction (Eyy) was compressive and varied nonlinearly with depth. This nonlinear relationship may have resulted from the tissue microstructure which is known to be depth dependent [22]. In contrast, strains in the split-line (Exx) and transverse ( Ez,) directions were tensile and varied linearly with depth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When observing the depth-dependence of the strain components in conjunction with studies documenting the depth-dependence of the tissue microstructure [22], it is tempting to conclude that the material constitutive relationship is also depth dependent. However caution should be exercised in drawing such a conclusion because of the constraint developed at the articular cartilage-osteochondral bone interface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adult human articular cartilage is often viewed as a two-phase tissue consisting of a solid phase (composed mainly of collagen and proteoglycan) and a fluid phase (composed of water and electrolytes) [22]. On a microscopic scale, the collagen and proteoglycan content in the tissue varies with depth from the articulating surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heterogeneous three-dimensional strain fields during unconfined cyclic compression in bovine articular cartilage explants

2005

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Articular cartilage provides critical load-bearing and tribological properties to the normal function of diarthrodial joints. The unique properties of cartilage, as well as heterogeneous deformations during mechanical compression, are due to the nonuniform microstructural organization of tissue components such as collagens and proteoglycans. A new cartilage deformation by tag registration (CDTR) technique has been developed by the authors to determine heterogeneous deformations in articular cartilage explants. The technique uses a combination of specialized MRI methods, a custom cyclic loading apparatus, and image processing software. The objective of this study was to use the CDTR technique to document strain patterns throughout the volume of normal bovine articular cartilage explants during cyclic unconfined compression at two physiologically-relevant applied normal stress levels (1.29 and 2.57 MPa). Despite simple uniaxial cyclic compressive loading with a flat, nonporous indenter, strain patterns were heterogeneous. Strains in the thickness direction (Eyy) were compressive, varied nonlinearly with depth from the articular surface from a maximum magnitude of 11% at the articular surface, and were comparable despite a 2-fold increase in applied normal stress. Strains perpendicular to the thickness direction (Exx and Ezz) were tensile, decreased linearly with depth from the articular surface from a maximum of 7%, and increased in magnitude 2.5-fold with a 2-fold increase in applied normal stress. Shear strains in the transverse plane (Ex:) were approximately zero while shear strains in the other two planes were much larger and increased in magnitude with depth from the articular surface, reaching maximum magnitudes of 2% at the articular cartilage-subchondral bone interface. In general, strain patterns indicated that cartilage osteochondral explants exhibited depth-dependent nonisotropic behavior during uniaxial cyclic loading. These results are useful in verifying constitutive formulations of articular cartilage during cyclic unconfined compression and in characterizing the micromechanical environment likely experienced by individual chondrocytes throughout the tissue volume.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heterogeneous three-dimensional strain fields during unconfined cyclic compression in bovine articular cartilage explants

2005

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“…23,24 The chondrocytes respond to the mechanical stimuli by multiple regulatory pathways, with consequences on transcription, translation and post-translational modifications that further control extra cellular matrix production and function. 4,34 Integrins, growth factor receptors, cytoskeletal filaments, nuclei, stretch-activated ion channels and cartilage ECM proteins are just some of the signaling molecules that contribute to biosynthesis, remodeling, or repair of the tissue as mechanotransduction response to mechanical loading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%