Cars, calls, and cognition

Iqbal, Shamsi T.; Ju, Yun-Cheng; Horvitz, Eric

doi:10.1145/1753326.1753518

Cited by 47 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In the domain of driving, multiple studies have looked at how drivers interleave nondriving, secondary tasks with driving. A common strategy is to wait for 'natural breakpoints' in the task to switch attention [11,12,26,27,28,48]; for example, Iqbal et al showed that drivers chunked a task of providing directions while driving into multiple steps and reoriented to driving at the boundaries between chunks [26]. There are many advantages of interleaving at natural breakpoints: it reduces mental workload [3,49] as it reduces information that needs to be maintained in memory [7], it frees mental resources such as visual attention for other tasks [50,55], it reduces stress [4], it reduces the time needed for later task resumption (cf.…”

Section: Managing Multitasking During Drivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Priming Drivers before Handover in Semi-Autonomous Cars

Heiden

Iqbal

Janssen

2017

Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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Semi-autonomous vehicles occasionally require control to be handed over to the driver in situations where the vehicle is unable to operate safely. Currently, such handover requests require the driver to take control almost instantaneously. We investigate how auditory pre-alerts that occur well before the handover request impact the success of the handover in a dual task scenario. In a study with a driving simulator, drivers perform tasks on their phone while the car is in an autonomous mode. They receive a repeated burst audio prealert or an increasing pulse audio pre-alert preceding the standard warning for immediate handover. Results show that pre-alerts caused people to look more at the road before the handover occurred, and to disengage from the secondary task earlier, compared to when there was no pre-alert. This resulted in safer handover situations. Increasing pulse prealerts show particular promise due to their communication of urgency. Our detailed analysis informs the design and evaluation of alerts in safety-critical systems with automation.

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Section: Managing Multitasking During Drivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Priming Drivers before Handover in Semi-Autonomous Cars

Heiden

Iqbal

Janssen

2017

Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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“…Conversations during driving can be generally distracting but vary based on the content of the conversation (Iqbal et al, 2010). The primary reason for distraction is that talking requires cognitive resources.…”

Section: How Conversations Distract Drivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The primary reason for distraction is that talking requires cognitive resources. In particular, the more “thinking” is required for talking, the stronger the interference on other tasks such as visual attention tasks (Kunar et al, 2008; Strayer & Johnston, 2001) and driving (Iqbal et al, 2010). The distraction is likely attributable to a central processing bottleneck (Kunar et al, 2008), not the act of generating sound, as even mentally (and not verbally) reciting a list can interfere with driving performance (Salvucci & Beltowska, 2008).…”

Section: How Conversations Distract Drivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These practices prevail despite tougher legislation (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 2012), media attention and public initiatives (e.g., “Think before you speak: Distracted driving is the new drunk driving,” 2011), and more than 20 years of research demonstrating the dangers (e.g., Alm & Nilsson, 1995; Brookhuis, De Vries, & De Waard, 1991; Caird, Willness, Steel, & Scialfa, 2008; Horrey & Wickens, 2006; Kearney, Rizzo, & Severson, 2007; McKnight & McKnight, 1993; Strayer & Johnston, 2001). The compromise of hands-free calling is unfortunately also not a panacea as the effort of thinking to generate speech required in regular conversations can still distract (Becic et al, 2010; Iqbal, Ju, & Horvitz, 2010; Kunar, Carter, Cohen, & Horowitz, 2008; Strayer & Johnston, 2001).…”

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Sharing a driver’s context with a caller via continuous audio cues to increase awareness about driver state.

Janssen¹,

Iqbal²,

Ju³

2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

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In an experiment using a driving simulator we investigated whether sharing information of a driver's context with a remote caller via continuous audio cues can make callers more aware of the driving situation. Increased awareness could potentially help in making the conversation less distracting. Prior research has shown that although sharing context using video can create such beneficial effects, it also has some practical disadvantages. It is an open question whether other modalities might also provide sufficient context for a caller. In particular, the effects of sharing audio, a cheaper, more salient, and perhaps more practical alternative than video, are not well understood. We investigated sharing context using direct cues in the form of realistic driving sounds (e.g., car honks, sirens) and indirect cues in the form of elevated heartbeats. Sound sharing affected the caller's perception of the driver's busyness. However, this had at most a modest effect on conversation and driving performance. An implication of these results is that although sharing sounds can increase a caller's awareness of changes in the driver's busyness, they need more training or information on how to leverage such context information to reduce disruption to driving. Limitations and implications are discussed.

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“…Therefore, these experiments are not repeated to ensure maximum dependability of the driver on the DAS (Chan et al, 2010). While driving, questions based on the earlier reading material will be posed to the driver that will later produce a situation where the driver is talking to passengers in the vehicle while driving based on the direction and guidance (simulating cognitive load) from DAS (Iqbal et al, 2010). Total number of subjects: 25.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Auditory Based Interaction Framework for Driver Assistance System

Singh¹

2010

Journal of Computer Science

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Problem statement:The rapid development of Driver Assistance System (DAS) provides drivers with radically enhanced information and functionality. The nature of the current DAS requires a complex human-machine interaction which is distracting and may increase the risk of road accidents. The interaction between the driver and DAS should aid the driving process without interfering with safety and ease of vehicle operation. Speech based interaction mechanisms employed are not sufficiently robust to deal with the distraction and noise present in the interior environment of the vehicle. Approach: Thus, suitable hybrid earcon/auditory icon design principles for DAS are developed. These interfaces are investigated in driving simulators in-order to test their durability and robustness. Several evaluation parameters will be applied. This will ensure the driving-related information from the DAS was delivered to the driver without affecting the overall driving process. Results: This study produces auditory design principles for information mapping (visual into nonspeech based interaction) and presentation framework was produced. It outlines representation architecture that enables concurrent auditory driving related information to be transmitted from four different sources in the vehicle's interior environment. It outlines a set of hybrid design principles that integrates auditory icons with earcons to map and present real-time driving related data from a visual to a non-speech auditory interface. Conclusion/Recommendations: The major contribution of this research project takes a genuine approach by considering the entire DAS (safety, navigation and entertainment subsystem). It proposes hybrid representation strategy based on the cognitive availability of the driver and cognitive workload. It was a significant discovery that aid future DAS auditory interaction design.

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Cars, calls, and cognition

Cited by 47 publications

References 22 publications

Priming Drivers before Handover in Semi-Autonomous Cars

Priming Drivers before Handover in Semi-Autonomous Cars

Sharing a driver’s context with a caller via continuous audio cues to increase awareness about driver state.

Hybrid Auditory Based Interaction Framework for Driver Assistance System

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