Cardiopulmonary exercise testing—a beginner’s guide to the nine-panel plot

Chambers, David; Wisely, N. A.

doi:10.1016/j.bjae.2019.01.009

Cited by 114 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a dynamic, non-invasive method to assess the cardiopulmonary system at rest and during exercise [ 1 ]. It may be applied in medicine to evaluate the degree of cardiovascular function impairment and plan rehabilitation and in sports science to assess participants’ fitness [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences between Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Results in Triathletes and Their Association with Body Composition and Body Mass Index

Price

Wiecha

Cieśliński

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the method of choice to assess aerobic fitness. Previous research was ambiguous as to whether treadmill (TE) and cycle ergometry (CE) results are transferrable or different between testing modalities in triathletes. The aim of this paper was to investigate the differences in HR and VO2 at maximum exertion between TE and CE, at anaerobic threshold (AT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) and evaluate their association with body fat (BF), fat-free mass (FFM) and body mass index (BMI). In total, 143 adult (n = 18 female), Caucasian triathletes had both Tr and CE CPET performed. The male group was divided into <40 years (n = 80) and >40 years (n = 45). Females were aged between 18 and 46 years. Body composition was measured with bioelectrical impedance before tests. Differences were evaluated using paired t-tests, and associations were evaluated in males using multiple linear regression (MLR). Significant differences were found in VO2 and HR at maximum exertion, at AT and at RCP between CE and TE testing, in both males and females. VO2AT was 38.8 (±4.6) mL/kg/min in TE vs. 32.8 (±5.4) in CE in males and 36.0 (±3.6) vs. 32.1 (±3.8) in females (p < 0.001). HRAT was 149 (±10) bpm in TE vs. 136 (±11) in CE in males and 156 (±7) vs. 146 (±11) in females (p < 0.001). VO2max was 52 (±6) mL/kg/min vs. 49 (±7) in CE in males and 45.3 (±4.9) in Tr vs. 43.9 (±5.2) in females (p < 0.001). HRmax was 183 (±10) bpm in TE vs. 177 (±10) in CE in males and 183 (±9) vs. 179 (±10) in females (p < 0.001). MLR showed that BMI, BF and FFM are significantly associated with differences in HR and VO2 at maximum, AT and RCP in males aged >40. Both tests should be used independently to achieve optimal fitness assessments and further training planning.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences between Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Results in Triathletes and Their Association with Body Composition and Body Mass Index

Price

Wiecha

Cieśliński

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Any limitation of these physiological cardiovascular or respiratory responses will eventually cause exercise intolerance and an overall decrease in exercise capacity. The goal of CPET is to diagnose and localize the cause of exercise limitation using non-invasive dynamic methods [ 15 ].…”

Section: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Responses To Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Heart Failure

Juarez,

Castillo-Rodriguez,

Soliman

et al. 2024

JCDD

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Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides important information for the assessment and management of patients with heart failure. This testing measures the respiratory and cardiac responses to exercise and allows measurement of the oxygen uptake (V˙O2) max and the relationship between minute ventilation (V˙E) and carbon dioxide excretion (V˙CO2). These two parameters help classify patients into categories that help predict prognosis, and patients with a V˙O2 < 14 mL/kg/min and V˙E/V˙CO2 slope >35 have a poor prognosis. This testing has been used in drug trials to determine complex physiologic responses to medications, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. For example, a study with enalapril demonstrated that the peak V˙O2 was 14.6 ± 1.6 mL/kg/min on placebo and 15.8 ± 2.0 mL/kg/min on enalapril after 15 days of treatment. The V˙E/V˙CO2 slopes were 43 ± 8 on placebo and 39 ± 7 on enalapril. Chronic heart failure and reduced physical activity measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing are associated with increases in BNP, and several studies have demonstrated that cardiac rehabilitation is associated with reductions in BNP and increases in V˙O2. Therefore, BNP measurements can help determine the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation and provide indirect estimates of changes in V˙O2. In addition, measurement of microRNAs can determine the status of skeletal muscle used during physical activity and the changes associated with rehabilitation. However, CPET requires complicated technology, and simpler methods to measure physical activity could help clinicians to manage their patients. Recent advances in technology have led to the development of portable cardiopulmonary exercise testing equipment, which can be used in various routine physical activities, such as walking upstairs, sweeping the floor, and making the bed, to provide patients and clinicians a better understanding of the patient’s current symptoms. Finally, current smart watches can provide important information about the cardiorespiratory system, identify unexpected clinical problems, and help monitor the response to treatment. The organized use of these devices could contribute to the management of certain aspects of these patients’ care, such as monitoring the treatment of atrial fibrillation. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current use of CPET in heart failure patients and discusses exercise principles, methods, clinical applications, and prognostic implications.

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“…Neben einer Zunahme des Herzzeitvolumens (HZV, Herzfrequenz × Schlagvolumen) kommt es zum Anstieg des systolischen Blutdrucks sowie zur Abnahme des systemischen Gefäßwiderstandes in arbeitenden Körperregionen. Je nach Organsystem erfolgt eine zunehmende Sauerstoffausschöpfung unter Belastung [1].…”

Section: Leistungsphysiologische Grundlagenunclassified