Cardioprotective Effects of Dietary Polyphenols

Zern, Tosca L.; Fernández, María Luz

doi:10.1093/jn/135.10.2291

Cited by 318 publications

(219 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The mechanism of action for the beneficial effects of polyphenols on CVD was previously thought to be associated with their antioxidant activity (23) . However, many polyphenols are metabolised in the body and these metabolites have much lower antioxidant capacities than their parent compounds, suggesting that antioxidant activity may not be their only mechanism of action (12) .…”

Section: Polyphenolic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dietary polyphenols on gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells

2008

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Previous studies have shown that consumption of fruit and vegetables plays a role in preventing the onset of CVD. These beneficial effects have been linked to the presence of polyphenolic compounds in plant-derived foods and their antioxidant capacity. It has been hypothesised that polyphenols may also have a direct effect on vascular endothelial cell growth and the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis and other roles of the endothelium. Previous studies in this area have tended to use concentrations of polyphenols that are supraphysiological (1-100 mM). The effects of more physiological concentrations (0 . 1 mM) of various individual polyphenols on gene expression were therefore investigated in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using both microarray and quantitative RT-PCR methodologies. Treatment of HUVEC with ferulic acid, quercetin or resveratrol (0 . 1 mM) resulted in changes to gene expression that for the three treatments amounted to significant ( > 2-fold) down-regulation of the expression of 363 genes and significant ( > 2-fold) up-regulation of 233 genes of the 10 000 genes present on the microarray. The majority of these genes were affected by resveratrol. Quantitative RT-PCR studies indicated that resveratrol (0 . 1 mM) significantly increased the expression of the gene encoding endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), which synthesises the vasodilator molecule NO, and both resveratrol and quercetin decreased expression of the potent vasoconstrictor, endothelin-1 (ET-1), while ferulic acid had no effect. The effects of resveratrol (0 . 1 mM) were also investigated when HUVEC were under oxidative stress following treatment with H 2 O 2 (0-50 mM), which dose-dependently increased expression of eNOS and ET-1. Resveratrol stimulated eNOS mRNA in the absence of H 2 O 2 and still allowed the increase with H 2 O 2 , but the effects were not additive. In contrast, resveratrol blocked the stimulatory effect of H 2 O 2 on ET-1 expression. Hence, resveratrol has potent effects at a physiological concentration (0 . 1 mM) that would be expected to result in vasodilation and therefore help reduce blood pressure and the risk of CVD. Polyphenols: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells: Gene expressionIn the UK there was a dramatic increase in the incidence rates of CVD such as CHD and atherosclerosis during the 20th century up to the end of the 1970s (1) . Although the numbers of deaths from these diseases are currently decreasing within the UK population, CVD are still the main cause of death in the UK, and the incidence rates of CVD are on the increase worldwide. In 2005 CVD was the main cause of morbidity in the UK, resulting in 208 229 deaths, with CHD accounting for 48 . 5% of these cases (1) . Thus, efforts are being made to identify methods for both the prevention and the treatment of CVD to further reduce the rate of incidence of these diseases within both the UK population and worldwide.

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Section: Polyphenolic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dietary polyphenols on gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells

2008

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“…The metabolic consequences of elevated plasma enterolactone and enterodiol concentrations have not been elucidated, and more evidence from human studies is required to confirm whether these molecules are involved in reducing CVD risk and to elucidate their mechanisms of action. It is possible that the lignans may possess similar cardioprotective effects to those reported for other polyphenolic compounds, including reducing LDL-cholesterol oxidation, changes in cholesterol synthesis and re-cycling, and changes in the metabolism of triacylglycerols (Zern & Fernandez, 2005), although as yet there is limited evidence to support these hypotheses. Men from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study in the highest quartile of serum enterolactone concentrations were found to have a 65 % lower risk of acute coronary events than men from the lowest quartile (Vanharanta et al 1999).…”

Section: Mammalian Lignans and Whole Grainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole grains and CVD risk

Seal

2006

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

107

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There is an increasing body of evidence, including that from prospective population studies and epidemiological observational studies, suggesting a strong inverse relationship between increased consumption of wholegrain foods and reduced risk of CVD. This evidence has translated into specific dietary recommendations in the USA to consume at least three servings of whole grain per d, and has informed the development of specific health claims for wholegrain foods both in the USA and in Europe. Wholegrain foods are rich sources of many nutrients and phytochemicals, including complex carbohydrates, dietary fibre, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and phyto-oestrogens such as lignans. Many of these components are lost from the grain during processing and although some may be replaced (such as in the mandatory fortification of white flour), this practice ignores the possible synergistic effects of the ‘natural’ constituents. The notion that wholegrain foods are simply a source of dietary fibre has been dispelled, although the additional components that contribute to the health benefits have not been clearly identified. In addition, the mechanisms by which wholegrain foods may have their effect are poorly understood. At present there are few strictly-controlled intervention studies that have confirmed a beneficial effect of increased consumption of wholegrain foods, demonstrated the level of consumption required to elicit a beneficial effect or provided evidence of modes of action. Although wholegrain foods are considered amongst the healthiest food choices available, their consumption falls well below current recommendations, which have been based mainly on epidemiological evidence. Well-controlled intervention studies are needed to provide more detailed mechanistic evidence to support the health claims and findings which can be used to develop effective public health strategies to promote whole-grain consumption.

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“…quercetin, myricetin and kaempferol) [22]. The relatively high concentrations of resveratrol (and likely other polyphenols) in red wine is thought to be the explanation for the so-called "French-paradox" [23,24].…”

Section: Resveratrol: Synthesis Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular Dysfunction in Aging: Potential Effects of Resveratrol, an Anti- Inflammatory Phytoestrogen

Labinskyy¹,

Csiszár²,

Veress³

et al. 2006

CMC

132

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Epidemiological studies demonstrated that even in the absence of other risk factors (e.g. diabetes, hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia, hypercholesterolemia), advanced age itself significantly increases cardiovascular morbidity by enhancing vascular oxidative stress and inflammation. Because the population in the Western world is rapidly aging, there is a substantial need for pharmacological interventions that delay the functional decline of the cardiovascular system. Resveratrol is an atoxic phytoestrogen found in more than 70 plants including grapevine and berries. Recent data suggest that nutritional intake of resveratrol and other polyphenol compounds may contribute to the "French paradox", the unexpectedly low cardiovascular morbidity in the Mediterranean population. There is increasing evidence that resveratrol exerts multifaceted antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory effects in various disease models. Importantly, resveratrol was reported to slow aging and increase lifespan in simple organisms and has been suggested as a potential calorie restriction mimetic. Resveratrol has also been reported to activate NAD-dependent histone deacetylases (sirtuins), which may contribute to its anti-aging effects. This review focuses on the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular dysfunction in aging, and on emerging anti-aging therapeutic strategies offered by resveratrol and other polyphenol compounds.

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Cardioprotective Effects of Dietary Polyphenols

Cited by 318 publications

References 31 publications

Effects of dietary polyphenols on gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells

Effects of dietary polyphenols on gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells

Whole grains and CVD risk

Vascular Dysfunction in Aging: Potential Effects of Resveratrol, an Anti- Inflammatory Phytoestrogen

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