Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres: estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations

Characterization of Roadside Fine Particulate Carbon and its Eight Fractions in Hong Kong

“…This observation is expected, as the site was very close to a major road and is consistent with the previous observation in Paris (Ruellan et al, 2001). The primary OC/EC ratio of 1.0 observed in this study is comparable to the OC/EC ratios of 1.1, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 as measured at Aveiro, Coimbra, Oporta, and Birmingham, respectively (Castro et al, 1999).…”

Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols over the East China Sea: The impact of the East Asian continental outflow

“…In TSP, they were 1.9 in fall, 2.2 in winter, 1.8 in spring, and 1.7 in summer, respectively. These ratios were comparable with those observed at urban areas and rural sites; e.g., 1.3 at Aveiro and 2.6 at Are Ao (Castro et al, 1999). The average SOC concentrations in PM2.5 and TSP in each season were estimated using these (OC/EC) min ratios and are listed in Table 1.…”

“…A common method, which was introduced by Turpin (Turpin and Huntzicker, 1995) and developed by Castro (Castro et al, 1999), was used to quantify the contributions of primary organic carbon (POC) and SOC to total organic carbon (TOC). The equations can be expressed as follows:…”

Black carbon emissions in the United Kingdom during the past four decades: an empirical analysis

“…This value is comparable to the range 0.6 µg m -3 to 1.6 µg m -3 recently measured in rural Hungary and Portugal (Zappoli et al, 1999;Castro et al, 1999). (Note that the U.K.…”