Carbon gas fluxes from a brown‐water and a clear‐water lake in the boreal zone during a summer with extreme rain events

Ojala, Anne; Bellido, Jessica López; Tulonen, Tiina; Kankaala, Paula; Huotari, Jussi

doi:10.4319/lo.2011.56.1.0061

Cited by 93 publications

(111 citation statements)

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“…In brown-water lakes microbial decomposition of allochthonous organic carbon in the water column and in the sediment is the most important process causing CO 2 supersaturation (Kortelainen et al 2006;Karlsson et al 2007). In June and July more DIC was occasionally taken up by photosynthesis (PP) than was released by community respiration (R) in Lakes Valkea-Kotinen and Ormajä rvi Ojala et al 2011), but the conditions R . PP usually prevail in the euphotic zone of boreal lakes (Salonen et al 1983) and in oligotrophic lakes in general (delGiorgio et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three small lakes (Mekkojä rvi, Alinen Mustajä rvi, and Valkea-Kotinen) and two large lakes (Ormajä rvi and Pääjä rvi) were sampled intensively during the ice-free period (10-24 times, Taipale et al 2008;Huotari et al 2009;Ojala et al 2011), whereas the rest of the lakes were sampled 3-5 times during the ice-free period and 0-4 times during winter. In six small lakes (Mekkojä rvi, Nimetö n, Tavilampi, Horkkajä rvi, Valkea-Kotinen, and Onkimajä rvi) the spatial variation of gas concentration at lake surface was studied three times during June-August 2003 at 4-6 sampling sites, located at distances of , 1 m from the shoreline to the middle of the lake (20-100 m).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other chemical variables-Data for total nitrogen (TotN), TotP, and TOC concentrations as well as for water color and pH were obtained either from simultaneously measured samples (standard methods, Ojala et al 2011) or from the databases of Lammi Biological Station and the Finnish Environment Institute (OIVA service on environmental and geographic information, 20 February 2012). Pearson correlations were used for elucidating the relationships between CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations, lake dimensions as well as physical and chemical properties of the study lakes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Lake‐size dependent physical forcing drives carbon dioxide and methane effluxes from lakes in a boreal landscape

Kankaala

Huotari

Tulonen

et al. 2013

Limnology & Oceanography

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We studied the concentrations and diffusive fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) in 12 lakes in a size range of 0.004-35 km 2 and mean total organic carbon (TOC) range of 6-25 mg L 21 , located in the southern boreal area of Finland. TOC, mainly originating from the catchment, was the best predictor of concentrations and areal CO 2 effluxes in the whole lake-area range, but among the lakes with an area , 1 km 2 having an anoxic hypolimnion during summer, the areal effluxes were also related to lake size and an index of turbulence. The concentration and areal effluxes of CH 4 from the lakes' pelagic zones were related more closely to lake-sizerelated water column stability and turbulent mixing than directly to TOC. The total regional flux estimate from 619 lakes in the region of 1600 km 2 showed that seven lakes with an area of 10-50 km 2 were responsible for 57-69% of the pelagic CO 2 effluxes and about half of the sum of pelagic and littoral CH 4 effluxes from the lakes. The proportion accounted for by the small lakes (area , 1 km 2 ) in the gas effluxes was 1.4-2.1 times higher, 18-26% for CO 2 and 21-26% for CH 4 , than their areal proportion (12.5%) in the landscape, although numerically these small lakes predominate in the whole lake population (96%).Most inland waters worldwide have been shown to be supersaturated with the greenhouse gases (GHG) carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ), and thus release these gases to the atmosphere (Cole et al. 1994;Bastviken et al. 2004). The GHG supersaturation indicates that freshwater ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle by mineralizing and/or accumulating terrestrial organic carbon (Tranvik et al. 2009). By applying Pareto distribution analysis, Downing et al. (2006) estimated that . 99% of the world's lakes have an area , 1 km 2 and these small lakes form , 43% of the global lake area. Thus, in many recent analyses of lake-rich landscapes, the role of small lakes has received much attention, because the small headwater lakes are more typically characterized by higher concentrations of allochthonous organic carbon than the larger lowland lakes (Xenopoulos et al. 2003;Hanson et al. 2007;Einola et al. 2011). In the boreal region, high fluxes of total organic carbon (TOC), originating mainly from peatland and forested catchments (Kortelainen 1993;Humborg et al. 2010), are among the most important factors contributing to CO 2 supersaturation and oxygen consumption in the lake water columns and sediments (Salonen et al. 1983;Larsen et al. 2011). As a result of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter, high concentrations of CH 4 are typical in eutrophic lakes with an anoxic hypolimnion but also in sheltered forest lakes, which likewise develop marked and prolonged hypolimnetic anoxia. It has been suggested that spring and fall mixing periods are generally the periods of the greatest effluxes of GHG into the atmosphere. However, rainy periods may also be followed by efflux peaks , and thus precipitation influences the inte...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lake‐size dependent physical forcing drives carbon dioxide and methane effluxes from lakes in a boreal landscape

Kankaala

Huotari

Tulonen

et al. 2013

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…The flux peak in the beginning of the mixing period was over 2-fold higher compared to the 6 nmol m −2 s −1 reported in Miettinen et al (2015), probably due to rougher weather conditions during our field campaign. Ojala et al (2011), on the other hand, report high CH 4 emissions (6 nmol m −2 s −1 ) after heavy rain events. Rain on 22 September could have also played a role here, enhancing the lateral transport from the catchment to the lake Rantakari and Kortelainen, 2005).…”

Section: Ch 4 Flux Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes over a lake: comparison between eddy covariance, floating chambers and boundary layer method

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Freshwaters bring a notable contribution to the global carbon budget by emitting both carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) to the atmosphere. Global estimates of freshwater emissions traditionally use a wind-speed-based gas transfer velocity, k CC (introduced by Cole and Caraco, 1998), for calculating diffusive flux with the boundary layer method (BLM). We compared CH 4 and CO 2 fluxes from BLM with k CC and two other gas transfer velocities (k TE and k HE ), which include the effects of water-side cooling to the gas transfer besides shear-induced turbulence, with simultaneous eddy covariance (EC) and floating chamber (FC) fluxes during a 16-day measurement campaign in September 2014 at Lake Kuivajärvi in Finland. The measurements included both lake stratification and water column mixing periods. Results show that BLM fluxes were mainly lower than EC, with the more recent model k TE giving the best fit with EC fluxes, whereas FC measurements resulted in higher fluxes than simultaneous EC measurements. We highly recommend using up-to-date gas transfer models, instead of k CC , for better flux estimates.BLM CO 2 flux measurements had clear differences between daytime and night-time fluxes with all gas transfer models during both stratified and mixing periods, whereas EC measurements did not show a diurnal behaviour in CO 2 flux. CH 4 flux had higher values in daytime than night-time during lake mixing period according to EC measurements, with highest fluxes detected just before sunset. In addition, we found clear differences in daytime and night-time concentration difference between the air and surface water for both CH 4 and CO 2 . This might lead to biased flux estimates, if only daytime values are used in BLM upscaling and flux measurements in general.FC measurements did not detect spatial variation in either CH 4 or CO 2 flux over Lake Kuivajärvi. EC measurements, on the other hand, did not show any spatial variation in CH 4 fluxes but did show a clear difference between CO 2 fluxes from shallower and deeper areas. We highlight that while all flux measurement methods have their pros and cons, it is important to carefully think about the chosen method and measurement interval, as well as their effects on the resulting flux.

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“…This increase in algal mass required changes in the treatment of raw water from Lake Mälaren for the drinking water supply of Stockholm city (Weyhenmeyer et al 2004b). Extreme summer rain events have also altered CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes in southern Finish lakes, with the systems switching from being a net sink to a net source of CO 2 to the atmosphere (Ojala et al 2011).…”

Section: Extreme Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Impacts—Lake Ecosystems

Adrian

Hessen

Blenckner

et al. 2016

Regional Climate Studies

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The North Sea region contains a vast number of lakes; from shallow, highly eutrophic water bodies in agricultural areas to deep, oligotrophic systems in pristine high-latitude or highaltitude areas. These freshwaters and the biota they contain are highly vulnerable to climate change. As largely closed systems, lakes are ideally suited to studying climate-induced effects via changes in ice cover, hydrology and temperature, as well as via biological communities (phenology, species and size distribution, food-web dynamics, life-history traits, growth and respiration, nutrient dynamics and ecosystem metabolism). This chapter focuses on change in natural lakes and on parameters for which their climate-driven responses have major impacts on ecosystem properties such as productivity, community composition, metabolism and biodiversity. It also points to the importance of addressing different temporal scales and variability in driving and response variables along with threshold-driven responses to environmental forces. Exceedance of critical thresholds may result in abrupt changes in particular elements of an ecosystem. Modelling climate-driven physical responses like ice-cover duration, stratification periods and thermal profiles in lakes have shown major advances, and the chapter provide recent achievements in this field for northern lakes. Finally, there is a tentative summary of the level of certainty for key climatic impacts on freshwater ecosystems.

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Carbon gas fluxes from a brown‐water and a clear‐water lake in the boreal zone during a summer with extreme rain events

Cited by 93 publications

References 54 publications

Lake‐size dependent physical forcing drives carbon dioxide and methane effluxes from lakes in a boreal landscape

Lake‐size dependent physical forcing drives carbon dioxide and methane effluxes from lakes in a boreal landscape

Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes over a lake: comparison between eddy covariance, floating chambers and boundary layer method

Environmental Impacts—Lake Ecosystems

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