Carbodiimide catalysis in cross‐linking of cotton cellulose with 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid

Abstract

SYNOPSISThis study examined carbodiimde catalysis (cyanamide, dicyandiamide, disodium cyanamide) in the cross-linking of cotton cellulose with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). Considerable improvement in the smooth drying appearance of the treated cotton substantiated the fact that cellulose cross-linking has been achieved by BTCA in the presence of carbodiimide. Bath pH was a very important factor in determining the performance properties of the treated cotton. Two possible reaction mechanisms were proposed direct esterification and anhydride intermediate formation. Both pathways involved the formation of urea. Semiquantitative analyses of the spectra obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the cyanamide was somewhat less effective than were dicyandiamide and sodium hypophosphite in esterification efficiency. 0 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Esterification of wood with citric acid: The catalytic effects of sodium hypophosphite (SHP)

“…The catalysts for this purpose include sodium salts of fumaric, maleic, and itaconic acids (Choi et al 1994), carbodiimide (Choi et al 1995), aromatic N-heterocyclic compounds (Choi et al 1993), sodium carbonate and tertiary amines (Rowland et al 1967), and alkali metal salts of phosphorus-containing inorganic acids, such as SHP, and disodium phosphate (Yang and Wang 2000). In the chemical modification process of wood, esterification reactions are predominately thermodynamically controlled rather than kinetically, because overly rapid drying/curing may cause the formation of defects such cell collapse, cracking, and warping.…”

Interaction of Silane Coupling Agents with Cellulose

“…Cellulosic fibers constitute an interesting alternative to the inorganic counterparts used as reinforcing agents in the preparation of composite materials − because of their good mechanical properties, low cost, ubiquitous availability in a variety of forms, and recyclability. These advantages, however, are counteracted by the marked hydrophilic character of these macromolecules which, on one hand, limits their compatibility with widely used hydrophobic polymeric matrixes such as polyolefins and, on the other hand, can reduce the mechanical properties of the composite if moisture is absorbed as they age.…”

Characterization of cotton fabrics treated with glyoxal and glutaraldehyde

“…The BTCA, however, is expensive and requires high curing temperature, 170 to 180°C, to obtain esterified crosslinks with cellulose molecules 1, 2. Moreover, in the presence of sodium hypophosphite, the BTCA‐treated cotton showed considerable shade change on certain dyed fabrics 4. Such limitations in the use of polycarboxylic acid call for reexamination of various other crosslinking agents to substitute N‐methylol type reagents.…”