Capacity Fade Mechanisms and Side Reactions in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

The capacity of a lithium-ion battery decreases during cycling. This capacity loss or fade occurs due to several different mechanisms which are due to or are associated with unwanted side reactions that occur in these batteries. These reactions occur during overcharge or overdischarge and cause electrolyte decomposition, passive film formation, active material dissolution, and other phenomena. These capacity loss mechanisms are not included in the present lithium-ion battery mathematical models available in the open literature. Consequently, these models cannot be used to predict cell performance during cycling and under abuse conditions. This article presents a review of the current literature on capacity fade mechanisms and attempts to describe the information needed and the directions that may be taken to include these mechanisms in advanced lithium-ion battery models. lnfroduction The typical lithium-ion cell'-3 (Fig. 1) is made up of a coke or graphite negative electrode, an electrolyte which serves as an ionic path between electrodes and separates the two materials, and a metal oxide (such as LiCoO2,

Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of the initial stages of solid–electrolyte interphase formation on lithium ion battery graphitic anodes

“…3a), impervious to Li + , as a reference. Constant voltage conditions 4,5 are not yet feasible with AIMD. Instead, our LiC 6 stochiometry 29 in the slab interior mimics a fully-charged battery anode.…”

Atomic resolution observation of conversion-type anode RuO2during the first electrochemical lithiation

“…Despite the effect of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), the problems are suggested to be significant volume changes leading to induced mechanical stresses large enough to fracture, which eventually make the system becoming electrically disconnected and possibly inactive. [15][16][17] Meanwhile, the Coulomb efficiency of the first cycle is of critical importance to most anode materials and determines the cycling behavior afterwards. 18,19 Therefore, it is crucial to uncover what exactly happens in the first lithiation.…”

Characterization of SEI layers on LiMn2O4 cathodes with in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry

“…SEI layer formation has been observed for various electrode materials such as Li foil, carbon, and transition metal oxides [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The SEI layer plays a key role in the electrochemical performance and calendar life of Li-ion batteries because it prevents the electrode surface from further reacting with the electrolyte components, thereby increasing the cell impedance and decreasing its cycling efficiency [13]. Due to its important role in Li-ion batteries, a number of analytical techniques, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) [2-4, 10,11], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [8], Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy [9][10][11], etc., have been employed to study the nature and formation mechanisms of the SEI layer.…”