Canine and murine models of osteosarcoma

Abstract

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor in children. Despite efforts to develop and implement new therapies, patient outcomes have not measurably improved since the 1980s. Metastasis continues to be the main source of patient mortality, with 30% of cases developing metastatic disease within 5 years of diagnosis. Research models are critical in the advancement of cancer research and include a variety of species. For example, xenograft and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models provide opportunities to study human tumor cells in vivo while transgenic models have offered significant insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying OS development. A growing recognition of naturally occurring cancers in companion species has led to new insights into how veterinary patients can contribute to studies of cancer biology and drug development. The study of canine cases, including the use of diagnostic tissue archives and clinical trials, offers a potential mechanism to further canine and human cancer research. Advancement in the field of OS research requires continued development and appropriate use of animal models. In this review, animal models of OS are described with a focus on the mouse and tumor-bearing pet dog as parallel and complementary models of human OS.

Proteasome Inhibitors and Their Potential Applicability in Osteosarcoma Treatment

“…To date, research evaluating PIs in OS are predominately preclinical and have employed both human and canine models [ 45 ]. Being in close quarters with humans, canines are exposed to similar environmental factors [ 75 , 76 ]. They offer a natural way to study the disease and are evolutionarily closer to humans in comparison to rodent models [ 75 , 76 ].…”

“…Being in close quarters with humans, canines are exposed to similar environmental factors [ 75 , 76 ]. They offer a natural way to study the disease and are evolutionarily closer to humans in comparison to rodent models [ 75 , 76 ]. Similar to humans, OS in canines is also considered uncommon; however, it occurs much more frequently in canines compared to humans [ 77 ].…”

Nanocarriers in Veterinary Medicine: A Challenge for Improving Osteosarcoma Conventional Treatments

“…It has been reported that OSA occurs in long bones of the appendicular skeleton near the metaphyseal growth plates, and the distal portion of the femur and the proximal tibia are the most affected sites in humans [34]. In humans, OSA appears primarily in adolescence, with most cases between the ages of 10 and 14, suggesting a close relationship between early pubertal rapid bone growth and tumor development [35] with a higher risk in taller children [36].…”

Identification of a naturally-occurring canine model for early detection and intervention research in high grade urothelial carcinoma

“…While experimental cancer models used in carefully controlled studies will continue to be essential to assess the toxicology, mechanisms, and initial antitumor activity of cancer drugs, there is a crucial need for additional complementary models that more closely represent human cancer. Pet dogs with specific forms of naturallyoccurring cancer are rapidly emerging as complementary animal models for cancer treatment research as canine cancer more closely mimics human cancer in pathological, cellular, and molecular features; cancer heterogeneity; aggressive metastatic behavior; host immunocompetence; and treatment response (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). Dogs are also large enough for procedures such as those involving surgery, endoscopy, various imaging modalities, and the evaluation of medical devices.…”