Cancer immunotherapy: Recent advances and challenges

Dhar, Ruby; Seethy, Ashikh; Singh, Sunil Kumar; Pethusamy, Karthikeyan; Srivastava, Tryambak; Talukdar, Joyeeta; Rath, Goura Kishor; Karmakar, Subhradip

doi:10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1241_20

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Nowadays, immunotherapy is considered the fourth pillar of cancer management besides surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. 21,22 One of the most important immunotherapy modalities is targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway which is approved for several types of cancer including MSI CRC. 3,8 Despite the development in the field, there is still controversy regarding the relationship between PD-L1 positivity and the clinicopathologic features of cases and their effect on survival.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, our understanding of the tumor/immune system interactions has expanded. Nowadays, immunotherapy is considered the fourth pillar of cancer management besides surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy 21,22 . One of the most important immunotherapy modalities is targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway which is approved for several types of cancer including MSI CRC 3,8 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PD-L1 Expression in Colorectal Carcinoma: A Comparison of 3 Scoring Methods in a Cohort of Jordanian Patients

Awad,

Sughayer,

Obeid

et al. 2023

Applied Immunohistochemistry &Amp; Molecular Morphology

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Anti–programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) treatments can improve colorectal carcinoma (CRC) survival; however, there is still controversy regarding the relationship between PD-L1 expression and the outcome of immunotherapeutic treatment and survival. The discrepancies are partly caused by the lack of a unified scoring system. This retrospective, cross-sectional study evaluated PD-L1 by immunohistochemistry in 127 CRC cases and compared the 3 scoring systems used to assess PD-L1: Tumor Percentage Score (TPS), Combined Positive Score (CPS), and immune cell (IC) score. Correlations were calculated using the χ2 test. Kaplan-Meier curves with the Log-rank test were used to measure the contribution of PD-L1 expression to survival. PD-L1-positive rate were 29.9%, 57.5%, and 55.9% based on TPS, CPS, and IC score, respectively. TPS showed a better correlation with the clinicopathologic features being significantly higher with young age, T4, and adenocarcinomas (compared with mucinous/signet ring). TPS also showed an increasing trend with higher grade, lymph node stage, and male sex, although these variables were not significantly associated with PD-L1 expression. There was no correlation between PD-L1 expression and mismatch repair protein status in the 3 scoring methods. The probability of survival was higher for PD-L1-negative cases in the first 60 months after surgery if scored by the TPS method (P=0.058). Future efforts correlating PD-L1 status with response to treatment are needed to decide on the best scoring method to be used for making therapy decisions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PD-L1 Expression in Colorectal Carcinoma: A Comparison of 3 Scoring Methods in a Cohort of Jordanian Patients

Awad,

Sughayer,

Obeid

et al. 2023

Applied Immunohistochemistry &Amp; Molecular Morphology

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“…The trials mainly focused on immunotherapies and small molecular inhibitors. However, some treatments are accompanied by uncontrollable adverse effects (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). Careful evaluation of the potential benefits and harms of various palliative treatment options is crucial in determining strategies in clinical circumstances (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The efficacy and safety of apatinib in patients with heavily pretreated end-stage cancer: a retrospective study

Li¹,

Zhou²,

Wang³

et al. 2023

Transl Cancer Res

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Background: Anti-angiogenesis therapy has been a vital treatment option in a variety of cancers. Assessing the efficacy and safety of apatinib in patients with heavily pretreated end-stage cancer is essential.Methods: Thirty patients with end-stage cancer who were heavily pretreated were enrolled in this study.All patients received oral administration of apatinib (125-500 mg/d) between May 2015 and November 2016. Dose reduction or elevation was conducted based on adverse events and doctors' judgments.Results: Prior to the apatinib treatment, the enrolled patients received a median of 1.2 surgeries (range, 0-7), 1.6 sessions of radiotherapies (range, 0-6), and 10.2 cycles of chemotherapy (range, 0-60); 43.3% of patients had uncontrolled local lesions, 83.3% of patients had uncontrolled multiple metastases, and 30.0% of patients had both. After the treatment, 25 patients had valuable data, 6 (24.0%) patients achieved partial response (PR), and 12 (48.0%) patients had stable disease (SD). The disease control rate (DCR) was 72.0%.The PR and SD rates were 20.0% and 40.0%, respectively, and the DCR was 60.0% in the intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis. Meanwhile, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.6 (range, 0.7-5.4) months, and the median overall survival (OS) was 3.8 (range, 1.0-12.0) months. Furthermore, the PR rate and DCR in patients with squamous cell cancer (SCC) were 45.5% and 81.8%, respectively; those in patients with adenocarcinoma (ADC) were 8.3% and 58.3%, respectively. The adverse events were generally mild. The most common adverse events were hyperbilirubinemia (53.3%), elevated transaminase (36.7%), anemia (30.0%), thrombocytopenia (30.0%), hematuria (30.0%), fatigue (26.7%), and leukopenia (20.0%). Conclusions:The results of this study demonstrate the efficacy and safety of apatinib and support the further development of apatinib as a potential treatment option for patients with heavily pretreated end-stage cancer.

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“…There are various ways to achieve this, and they are evolving over time, starting from brave trials to induce erysipelas in patients with inoperable sarcomas to reduce tumor size by William B. Coley at the end of the 19th century [ 12 , 13 ]. Other invented strategies based on immunological response include the use of therapeutic cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses and cytokines [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. A milestone for present-day therapies was the research on cytotoxic T cell antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) proteins by James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo, respectively, who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2018 [ 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Renal Effects of Anticancer Immunotherapy: A Review

Borówka

Łącki-Zynzeling

Nicze

et al. 2022

Cancers

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Modern oncological therapy utilizes various types of immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapy, cancer vaccines, tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies (TT-mAbs), bispecific antibodies and cytokine therapy improve patients’ outcomes. However, stimulation of the immune system, beneficial in terms of fighting against cancer, generates the risk of harm to other cells in a patient’s body. Kidney damage belongs to the relatively rare adverse events (AEs). Best described, but still, superficially, are renal AEs in patients treated with ICIs. International guidelines issued by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) cover the management of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) during ICI therapy. There are fewer data concerning real occurrence and possible presentations of renal adverse drug reactions of other immunotherapeutic methods. This implies the need for the collection of safety data during ongoing clinical trials and in the real-life world to characterize the hazard related to the use of new immunotherapies and management of irAEs.

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Cancer immunotherapy: Recent advances and challenges

Cited by 16 publications

References 99 publications

PD-L1 Expression in Colorectal Carcinoma: A Comparison of 3 Scoring Methods in a Cohort of Jordanian Patients

PD-L1 Expression in Colorectal Carcinoma: A Comparison of 3 Scoring Methods in a Cohort of Jordanian Patients

The efficacy and safety of apatinib in patients with heavily pretreated end-stage cancer: a retrospective study

Adverse Renal Effects of Anticancer Immunotherapy: A Review

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