Cambial patterns of Paullinia (Sapindaceae) in southwestern Amazonia, Brazil

Pellissari, Lauany Cristina Olazar; Barros, Cláudia Franca; Medeiros, Herison; Tamaio, Neusa

doi:10.1016/j.flora.2018.07.002

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The combination of peripheral vascular strands (Figs 2A–2C and 4A & 4B ), vessel dimorphism (Figs 2F & 2I and 4B–4D ), wide vessels solitary or in tangential multiples of 2–3 ( Fig 2F and 4C ), narrow vessels in long radial multiples of 2–21 (Figs 2F and 4C & 4D ), alternate intervessel pits with slit-like coalescent apertures (Figs 2G and 2H and 4E ), heterocellular rays, prismatic crystals in axial parenchyma (Figs 3D and 4F ), and dark content (possibly phenolic compounds) in primary vascular parenchyma and ray parenchyma ( Fig 2D and 2E ) support the inclusion of Ampelorhiza in Paullinieae [ 13 , 16 , 18 , 64 , 66 , 92 , 93 , 94 ]. Two wood anatomical characters typical of extant Paullinieae were not observed in the fossils: 1) alternating bands of thin and thick-walled regions in the wood which may either be axial parenchyma alternating with ordinary fibers (e.g., Serjania spp.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Climbing since the early Miocene: The fossil record of Paullinieae (Sapindaceae)

Jud

Allen

Nelson³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Paullinieae are a diverse group of tropical and subtropical climbing plants that belong to the soapberry family (Sapindaceae). The six genera in this tribe make up approximately one-quarter of the species in the family, but a sparse fossil record limits our understanding of their diversification. Here, we provide the first description of anatomically preserved fossils of Paullinieae and we re-evaluate other macrofossils that have been attributed to the tribe. We identified permineralized fossil roots in collections from the lower Miocene Cucaracha Formation where it was exposed along the Culebra Cut of the Panama Canal. We prepared the fossils using the cellulose acetate peel technique and compared the anatomy with that of extant Paullinieae. The fossil roots preserve a combination of characters found only in Paullinieae, including peripheral secondary vascular strands, vessel dimorphism, alternate intervessel pitting with coalescent apertures, heterocellular rays, and axial parenchyma strands of 2–4 cells, often with prismatic crystals. We also searched the paleontological literature for other occurrences of the tribe. We re-evaluated leaf fossils from western North America that have been assigned to extant genera in the tribe by comparing their morphology to herbarium specimens and cleared leaves. The fossil leaves that were assigned to Cardiospermum and Serjania from the Paleogene of western North America are likely Sapindaceae; however, they lack diagnostic characters necessary for inclusion in Paullinieae and should be excluded from those genera. Therefore, the fossils described here as Ampelorhiza heteroxylon gen. et sp. nov. are the oldest macrofossil evidence of Paullinieae. They provide direct evidence of the development of a vascular cambial variant associated with the climbing habit in Sapindaceae and provide strong evidence of the diversification of crown-group Paullinieae in the tropics by 18.5–19 million years ago.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Climbing since the early Miocene: The fossil record of Paullinieae (Sapindaceae)

Jud

Allen

Nelson³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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“…This approach allows us to link fine-scale developmental processes with macroevolutionary patterns. Paullinia is an ideal system to study the role of development in the evolutionary assembly of complex woody forms, as some species express the same stem development typical of trees and shrubs, while others have one of at least four distinct cambial variants [3,5,[13][14][15][16][17][18]. In this study, we (A) Ontogeny 1 (regular I) circular primary body and a continuous ring of vascular bundles that connect at the onset of secondary growth by the vascular cambium, which proceeds to produce equal amounts of cambial products around the stem circumference (image of P. capreolata).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifications during Early Plant Development Promote the Evolution of Nature’s Most Complex Woods

et al. 2020

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“…Note the increase in vessel width from the center to the periphery. Finally, the stem of Serjania lethalis exhibits the typical compound structure of many Sapindaceae lianas (Tamaio and Angyalossy, 2009; Pellissari et al, 2018; Chery et al, 2020a, b), in this particular case with a central cylinder surrounded by three peripheral cylinders (Fig. 1G).…”

Section: Methods and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Polishing entire stems and roots using sandpaper under water: An alternative method for macroscopic analyses

et al. 2021

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Premise Polishing entire stem and root samples is an effective method for studying their anatomy; however, polishing fresh samples to preserve woods with soft tissues or barks is challenging given that soft tissues shrink when dried. We propose sanding fresh or liquid‐preserved samples under water as an alternative, given that it preserves all tissues in an intact and clear state. Methods and Results By manually grinding the surface of the samples under water using three ascending grits of waterproof sandpapers, an excellent polished sanded surface is obtained. The wood swarf goes into the water without clogging the cell lumina, rendering the surfaces adequate for cell visualization and description. We show results in palms, liana stems, roots, and wood blocks. Conclusions Using this simple, inexpensive, rapid technique, it is possible to polish either fresh, dry, or liquid‐preserved woody plant samples, preserving the integrity of both the soft and hard tissues and allowing for detailed observations of the stems and roots.

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Cambial patterns of Paullinia (Sapindaceae) in southwestern Amazonia, Brazil

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

Climbing since the early Miocene: The fossil record of Paullinieae (Sapindaceae)

Climbing since the early Miocene: The fossil record of Paullinieae (Sapindaceae)

Modifications during Early Plant Development Promote the Evolution of Nature’s Most Complex Woods

Polishing entire stems and roots using sandpaper under water: An alternative method for macroscopic analyses

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