“…Levels of engagement range from unidirectional participatory facilitation such as (1) outreach to collect data on impairment, local practices, and needs (Eakin et al, 2017;Ponce-Romero et al, 2017), and (2) education about water quality management plans and tools designed for personal and community contribution to the program (e.g., De Freitas et al, 2013;Sun et al, 2015;Daniels et al, 2018;Yusuf et al, 2018;Quinn & Oster, 2021), to fully bi-directional participation such as (3) modeler-led engagement (e.g., Swick, 2007;Estalaki et al, 2016;Criollo et al, 2019;Alamanos et al, 2021;Balestrini et al, 2021), and (4) stakeholder-led engagement (e.g., Petherick 2014; Hadj-Hammou et al 2017;Vaneeckhaute et al 2021). The methodologies associated with these approaches are described in Section 3.2.…”