Calculation of water footprint of the iron and steel industry: a case study in Eastern China

Abstract

1China is the largest producer of iron and steel in the world. This heavy industry is 2 characterized by significant water consumption and numerous water-related 3 hazards. In this study, we propose the use of water footprint instead of

A comprehensive review on energy efficient CO2 breakthrough technologies for sustainable green iron and steel manufacturing

“…Water and energy are the crucial constituents of iron and steel industry, where energy and water sustainability are inextricably intertwined [111]. Large amount of water is used for direct and indirect cooling, gas cleaning, scale breaking and washing operations including waste gas cleaning with scrubbers during iron and steel production processes [112].…”

“…He stated that recycling the drainage water is a practical and helpful method to reduce CO 2 emission by improving the performance of the system. Gu et al [111] proposed a water footprint (direct and virtual) calculation model by analyzing the characteristics of the iron and steel industry from a life cycle assessment perspective. Besides, Guo and Fu [115] showed that by adopting coke dry quenching technology can enable to save 10% of water around 0.38 t of water for every tone of coke.…”

Sustainable Reverse Osmosis application for wastewater treatment in the steel industry

“…This indicator has been implemented for the iron and steel industry instead of conventional indicators, such as FWC per tonne of steel and WC per tonne of steel. This can lead to the improvement of water efficiency, and, consequently, to a lower environmental impact of the production (Gu et al, 2015).…”

Decoupling Water Consumption and Environmental Impact on Textile Industry by Using Water Footprint Method: A Case Study in China

“…The significant difference between them is that the WFN approach mainly focuses on water management while the LCA approach mainly focuses on the sustainability of products [30]. LCA-based WFs can be utilized to evaluate the aquatic environmental effects of products or businesses during the whole life cycle, including raw material acquisition, supply chain, manufacturing, carriage, usage, and waste treatment [38][39][40]. WFN emphasizes the effective and sustainable allocation and use of fresh water from a product, consumption, industry, and geographical perspective [41][42][43][44][45][46].…”