Calculation of metal forming processes by means of FEM

Abstract

The simulation of metal forming processes with the finite element method (FEM) is becoming more and more significant for process analysis and optimising. With regard to the quality of the calculations care must be taken to select a suitable FE model. Possibilities for FEM applications will be shown using the examples of die bending sheets and profile bending. A practical extension of this application is the support of the FE systems user by access to a material database. Berechnung vonUmformprozessen mit der FEM. Die Simulation von Umformvorgangen mit der Finite-Elemente-Methode (FEM) wird fur die ProzeBanalyse und -optimierung zunehmend bedeutungsvoller. Ein geeignetes FE-Modell isl mit Hinblick auf eine qualitativ hochwertige Berechnung sorgfaltig auszuwahlen. Am Beispiel des Gesenkbiegens von Blechen und des Profilbiegens werden die Einsatzmoglichkeiten der FEM aufgezeigt. Eine UnterstOtzung des Anwenders von FE-Systemen durch Zugriff auf eine Materialdatenbank bildet dabei eine sinnvolle Erganzung.

Ionization Structure and Spectra of Iron in Gaseous Nebulae

“…We would like to thank Mike Barlow, Greve et al (1994) b Results from present photoionization models including the contribution from a high density ionization front (see text for an explanation of the different models) Fe II , and Fe III (Nahar 1996b). These rates are compared with previous dielectronic plus radiative recombination results by Woods et al (1981;dashed line).…”

“…among optical and near-IR lines are shown in Figs. 7(a)-(j) at T e = 9000 K. Optical observations of Orion are from OTV,Greve et al (1994), andRodríguez (1996) and near-IR observations are from DePoy &Pogge (1994) andBautista et al (1995).The observation by Greve et al and Rodríguez include several different positions; here we present the entire ranges of their measured line ratios. The observed [Fe III] line ratios in Orion agree well with the diagnostics using lines of other species, such as [S II], that indicate N e of a few times ×10 3 cm −3 .…”

“…There is no explicit control over the electron density, temperature, and depth of the PIZ, and they are calculated in the model according to photoionization-recombination equilibrium which depends only on the particle density and position of the ionization front. Table 5 shows the results, together with three different sets of observations, columns 3-5, from OTV, B96, and Greve et al (1994). The results reported by B96 are shown in columns 6-8.…”