Calculation of Forces at Focal Adhesions from Elastic Substrate Data: The Effect of Localized Force and the Need for Regularization

Schwarz, Ulrich S.; Balaban, Nathalie Q.; Riveline, Daniel; Bershadsky, Alexander D.; Geiger, Benjamin; Safran, S. A.

doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(02)73909-x

Cited by 334 publications

(348 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…3d), indicating indirectly a dependence between tension forces and vinculincontaining FA area in elongated ECs, as suggested by Balaban et al 28 For 1,600 µm 2 elongated cells, TFM measurements indicated a maximum tension of ~5.7 kPa for a total FA area of ~72 µm 2 . This result reflects an anisotropic force contraction dipole with two opposing maximum forces of ~205 nN, which is consistent with the amount of forces observed in polarized fibroblasts 35 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The calculated displacements were summed up to determine the overall two-dimensional displacement field. The traction field was then calculated from the displacement field by adapting the algorithm previously developed 35 . This algorithm solved the inverse of the Boussinesq solution from the displacement field on the surface of an elastic halfspace to obtain the traction field when the mechanical properties of the gel are known.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial coordination between cell and nuclear shape within micropatterned endothelial cells

2012

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Growing evidence suggests that cytoplasmic actin filaments are essential factors in the modulation of nuclear shape and function. However, the mechanistic understanding of the internal orchestration between cell and nuclear shape is still lacking. Here we show that orientation and deformation of the nucleus are regulated by lateral compressive forces driven by tension in central actomyosin fibres. By using a combination of micro-manipulation tools, our study reveals that tension in central stress fibres is gradually generated by anisotropic force contraction dipoles, which expand as the cell elongates and spreads. our findings indicate that large-scale cell shape changes induce a drastic condensation of chromatin and dramatically affect cell proliferation. on the basis of these findings, we propose a simple mechanical model that quantitatively accounts for our experimental data and provides a conceptual framework for the mechanistic coordination between cell and nuclear shape.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial coordination between cell and nuclear shape within micropatterned endothelial cells

2012

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“…The analysis of micropillar deflection directly gives rise to the mapping of exerted forces and so could be used to follow mechanical activity in real time, in contrast with computationally intensive techniques (14-17, 29, 30). Moreover, because each pillar is independent of its neighbors, the measured traction stresses under the cells are directly and unambiguously determined (18,29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, such techniques present limitations, mostly because, as deformations propagate on continuous surfaces, the relation between bead displacements and forces is difficult to compute. Moreover, beads form a discrete network in the surface, and these methods cannot provide force measurements between these markers (18,19). An alternative strategy has been to use an array of discrete microfabricated force sensors (cantilevers), an elegant but technologically challenging method limited also by the density of sensors on the surface (10).…”

Section: Force Mapping In Epithelial Cell Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Force mapping in epithelial cell migration

Roure

Saez

Buguin

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

693

648

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We measure dynamic traction forces exerted by epithelial cells on a substrate. The force sensor is a high-density array of elastomeric microfabricated pillars that support the cells. Traction forces induced by cell migration are deduced from the measurement of the bending of these pillars and are correlated with actin localization by fluorescence microscopy. We use a multiple-particle tracking method to estimate the mechanical activity of cells in real time with a high-spatial resolution (down to 2 μm) imposed by the periodicity of the post array. For these experiments, we use differentiated Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. Our data provide definite information on mechanical forces exerted by a cellular assembly. The maximum intensity of the forces is localized on the edge of the epithelia. Hepatocyte growth factor promotes cell motility and induces strong scattering activity of MDCK cells. Thus, we compare forces generated by MDCK cells in subconfluent epithelia versus isolated cells after hepatocyte growth factor treatment. Maximal-traction stresses at the edge of a monolayer correspond to higher values than those measured for a single cell and may be due to a collective behavior

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“…This approach does not directly measure the forces exerted at the individual contacts, but rather extracts them by modeling the deformation-map induced by the whole-cell. This can be a non-trivial undertaking [15]. Approaches that utilize atomic force microscopy (AFM) provide excellent resolution of the dynamical forces exerted between cells and substrates [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long reach cantilevers for sub-cellular force measurements

Paneru¹,

Thapa²,

McBride³

et al. 2012

Nanotechnology

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Abstract. Maneuverable, high aspect ratio poly 3-4 ethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT) fibers are fabricated for use as cellular force probes that can interface with individual pseudopod adhesive contact sites without forming unintentional secondary contacts to the cell. The straight fibers have lengths between 5 and 40 m and spring constants in the 0.07-23.2 nN m -1 range. The spring constants of these fibers were measured directly using an atomic force microscope (AFM). These AFM measurements corroborate determinations based on the transverse vibrational resonance frequencies of the fibers, which is a more convenient method. These fibers are employed to characterize the time dependent forces exerted at adhesive contacts between apical pseudopods of highly migratory D. discoideum cells and the PEDOT fibers, finding an average terminal force of 3.1  2.7 nN and lifetime of 23.4  18.5 s to be associated with these contacts.

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Calculation of Forces at Focal Adhesions from Elastic Substrate Data: The Effect of Localized Force and the Need for Regularization

Cited by 334 publications

References 40 publications

Spatial coordination between cell and nuclear shape within micropatterned endothelial cells

Spatial coordination between cell and nuclear shape within micropatterned endothelial cells

Force mapping in epithelial cell migration

Long reach cantilevers for sub-cellular force measurements

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