Calcium Orthophosphate Cements and Concretes

Abstract

In early 1980s, researchers discovered self-setting calcium orthophosphate cements, which are a bioactive and biodegradable grafting material in the form of a powder and a liquid. Both phases form after mixing a viscous paste that after being implanted, sets and hardens within the body as either a non-stoichiometric calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) or brushite, sometimes blended with unreacted particles and other phases. As both CDHA and brushite are remarkably biocompartible and bioresorbable (therefore, in vivo they can be replaced with newly forming bone), calcium orthophosphate cements represent a good correction technique for non-weight-bearing bone fractures or defects and appear to be very promising materials for bone grafting applications. Besides, these cements possess an excellent osteoconductivity, molding capabilities and easy manipulation. Furthermore, reinforced cement formulations are available, which in a certain sense might be described as calcium orthophosphate concretes. The concepts established by calcium orthophosphate cement pioneers in the early 1980s were used as a platform to initiate a new generation of bone substitute materials for commercialization. Since then, advances have been made in the composition, performance and manufacturing; several beneficial formulations have already been introduced as a result. Many other compositions are in experimental stages. In this review, an insight into calcium orthophosphate cements and concretes, as excellent biomaterials suitable for both dental and bone grafting application, has been provided.

A novel strategy to enhance interfacial adhesion in fiber-reinforced calcium phosphate cement

“…Polymeric additives have earlier been used in CPCs with the purpose of improving their mechanical properties, injectability, resorption rate and biocompatibility (Dorozhkin 2009;Neumann & Epple 2006;Low et al 2010;Perez et al 2012;Engstrand et al 2013). The polymers, which are often biodegradable, can be added to the matrix either solubilized in the liquid phase or as a second phase, as particles or fibers.…”

Medical Application of Calcium Orthophosphate Bioceramics

“…The need of bioceramics for minimal invasive surgery has induced the development of a concept of self-setting formulations consisting of only calcium orthophosphates to be applied as injectable and/or mouldable bone substitutes [156,400,401,418,475,[514][515][516][517][518][519][520][521][522]. In addition, there are reinforced formulations, which, in a certain sense, might be defined as calcium orthophosphate concretes [516].…”

Optimizing the Water-Oil Emulsification Process for Developing CPC Microspheres

“…α-TCP hydrolysis into CDHA which occurs by solubilization, crystallization and the entanglement of the crystals provide the mechanical resistance for the cement 10,13,19 , leading to the stabilization of the microspheres 1 . Analyzing the results of the factorial design, some conclusions could be taken into account, i.e.…”

“…Hence, the stabilization of these microspheres would occur after a cementation reaction 12 . Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are considered advanced bioceramics due to its ability to form a moldable paste that hardens spontaneously and may be applied in vivo for replacing and/or treating damaged or injured bone tissues 10,[12][13][14] They are bioactive, biocompatible, osteoconductive, and resorbable 4,5 key properties that enhance the biological behavior of any biomedical implant. The intrinsic porosity of CPCs is also crucial as it enhances the resorption rate of the material in addition to promoting increased surface area available for interaction with biological media and incorporation of drugs 10,14 .…”