Cachexia and sarcopenia: mechanisms and potential targets for intervention

Argilés, Josep Μ.; Busquets, Sı́lvia; Stemmler, Britta; López‐Soriano, Francisco J.

doi:10.1016/j.coph.2015.04.003

Cited by 254 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Nevertheless, according with a different and emerging research and consistent with our results, sarcopenia may be associated and even caused by inflammation albeit of a lesser degree compared to cachexia. Thus, the inflammatory response driven by the underlying disease is thought to be very prominent in cachexia whilst seems to be lower and chronic in sarcopenia, but finally leading, in both syndromes, to muscle proteolysis and myocyte apoptosis [39], [40]. The positive association between sarcopenia and inflammatory parameters is also in agreement with a study from Visser et al who demonstrated that inflammatory parameters were inversely related to handgrip strength [10].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Inflammation and sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2017

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Nicola.Inflammation and sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Maturitas http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas. 2016.11.006 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Highlights Sarcopenia is associated with functional impairment and adverse outcomes.  Highly inflammatory cytokines are negatively related to muscle strength and mass.  Sarcopenia is associated with higher serum inflammatory parameters.  Chronic inflammation could play a role in sarcopenia. AbstractInflammatory cytokines have been shown to prompt muscle wasting, ultimately stimulating protein catabolism and suppressing muscle synthesis. However, the possible association between inflammatory parameters and sarcopenia is poorly understood. We therefore aimed to summarize the current evidence about this topic with a meta-analysis of studies reporting serum inflammatory parameters in patients with sarcopenia vs. people without sarcopenia (controls). An electronic PubMed and Scopus search through to 09/01/2016 and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies comparing serum levels of inflammatory cytokines between patients with sarcopenia and controls was made, calculating random-effects standardized mean differences (SMDs) ±95% confidence intervals (CIs) as the effect size. Out of 1370 initial hits, 17 studies with a total of 11249 participants (3072 with sarcopenia and 8177 without) were meta-analysed. Sarcopenic participants had significantly higher levels of CRP (SMD=0.51; 95%CI 0.26, 0.77; p<0.0001; I 2 =96%) than controls. Conversely, serum IL6 levels were not significantly different (SMD=0.35; 95%CI: -0.19, 0.89; p=0.21; I 2 =97%) in people with sarcopenia versus controls. Sarcopenic people did not have higher levels of TNF-than controls (SMD=0.28; 95%CI -0.26, 0.83; p=0.31; I 2 =97%). In conclusion, sarcopenia seems to be associated with elevated serum CRP levels; future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify this relationship.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Inflammation and sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2017

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“…Pro-inflammatory cytokines activate many altered metabolic pathways associated with skeletal muscle wasting, including increased proteolysis and myocyte apoptosis [112,113]. Specifically, both TNF-α and IL-6 are known to be elevated with ageing [114] and play a role in stimulating muscle proteolysis and myocyte apoptosis [113,115].…”

Section: Underlying Mechanisms Underpinning the Potential Benefits Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediterranean Diet attenuates risk of frailty and sarcopenia: New insights and future directions

McClure

Villani

2017

JCSM Clinical Reports

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Sarcopenia and physical frailty are associated with progressive disability and predictive of negative health outcomes. Dietary interventions are considered the cornerstone in the management of sarcopenic symptomology and physical frailty. However few studies have investigated preventative strategies. Moreover, most studies have focused on the efficacy of individual nutrients or supplements rather than dietary patterns. The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is a dietary pattern that provides evidence for an association between diet quality, healthy ageing and disease prevention. The purpose of this paper was to examine, synthesise and develop a narrative review of the current literature, investigating the potential benefits associated with adherence to a MedDiet and attenuation of physical frailty and sarcopenic symptomology in older adults. We also explored the underlying mechanisms underpinning the potential benefits of the MedDiet on ameliorating physical frailty and sarcopenic symptomology. Synthesis of the reviewed literature is suggestive of a decreased risk of physical frailty and sarcopenic symptomology with greater adherence to a MedDiet. We identified the anti-inflammatory and high antioxidant components of the MedDiet as two potential biological mechanisms involved. Due to a lack of evidence from RCTs to support the proposed physiological mechanisms, we suggest investigating these observations in older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) whom are vulnerable to physical frailty and disability. A number of biological mechanisms describing the pathway to disability in older adults with T2DM have been postulated with many of these mechanisms potentially mitigated with dietary interventions involving the MedDiet. Exploring these mechanisms with the use of well-designed, longer-term dietary intervention studies in older adults with an increased vulnerability to physical frailty and sarcopenia is warranted.

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“…The development of sarcopenia is considered to be the result of several factors including the genetic background 13 , age related hormones 14 , nutrition [14][15][16] , neurodegeneration 5,17 , chronic diseases 15,18 and disability, immobility and lack of physical activity 19 .…”

Section: Etiology Of Sarcopeniamentioning

confidence: 99%