Butylated Hydroxytoluene Induced Resistance Against Botryosphaeria dothidea in Apple Fruit

Abstract

Apple ring rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is an important disease in China, which leads to serious economic losses during storage. Plant activators are compounds that induce resistance against pathogen infection and are considered as a promising alternative strategy to traditional chemical treatment. In the present study, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a potential plant activator, was evaluated for its induced resistance against B. dothidea in postharvest apple fruits. The physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in induced resistance were also explored. The results showed that BHT treatment could trigger strong resistance in apple fruits against B. dothidea, and the optimum concentration was 200 μmol L–1 by immersion of fruits. BHT treatment significantly increased the activities of four defensive enzymes and alleviated lipid peroxidation by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. In addition, salicylic acid (SA) content was enhanced by BHT treatment as well as the expression of three SA biosynthesis-related genes (MdSID2, MdPAD4, and MdEDS1) and two defense genes (MdPR1 and MdPR5). Our results suggest that BHT-conferred resistance against B. dothidea might be mainly through increasing the activities of defense-related enzymes and activating SA signaling pathway, which may provide an alternative strategy to control apple ring rot in postharvest fruits.

Improving the nutraceutical value of mango during ripening by postharvest irradiation with blue LEDs via enhancing of antioxidant enzyme activities

“…When fruits are exposed to stress conditions, the production of ROS increases causing oxidative damage of cells and deterioration of fruit quality. POD, CAT, and APX are antioxidant enzymes, playing an important role in the protection of plant cells from the deleterious effects of ROS (Luo et al ., 2015; Huang et al ., 2021). These enzymes are involved in the elimination of hydrogen peroxide that can be harmful to plant cells.…”

Dynamic Change of Carbon and Nitrogen Sources in Colonized Apples by Penicillium expansum

“…Various extracellular enzymes are secreted into the decayed tissue by the fungus to disassemble the cell wall of the fruit during colonization [ 30 ], causing the degradation of the cell wall polysaccharide and the increase in the soluble sugar contents [ 31 ]. Moreover, fungal colonization facilitates the breakdown of the vacuole of fruit [ 32 ], which causes the leakage of the stored fructose and glucose into to the apoplasmic space in the fruit cells [ 33 ]. Our results showed that fungus prefers to degrade or directly use sucrose as a carbon source during colonization, which caused a rapid decrease in the sucrose content in the decayed tissue.…”

Lignin Biosynthesis Pathway and Redox Balance Act Synergistically in Conferring Resistance against Penicillium italicum Infection in 7-Demethoxytylophorine-Treated Navel Orange

“…italicum-induced oxidative damage. Reduction of firmness loss and electrolyte leakage following exogenous treatment of Botrytis cinerea-infected “Akihime” strawberry with linalool, Botryosphaeria dothidea-infected “Fuji” apple with benzothiadiazole, and A. alternata-infected “Zaosu” pear with l -lysine was reported, indicating that these PAAs support the maintenance of the cell wall structure and cell membrane integrity and in turn mediate antifungal resistance in harvested fruit.…”

“…34,42 We showed here that DEM treatment suppressed peel firmness loss and electrolyte leakage in P. italicum-infected fruit (Figure 1C,D), indicating that the treatment controlled CBM development by reducing P. italicum-induced oxidative damage. Reduction of firmness loss and electrolyte leakage following exogenous treatment of Botrytis cinerea-infected "Akihime" strawberry with linalool, 43 Botryosphaeria dothidea-infected "Fuji" apple with benzothiadiazole, 44 and A. alternata-infected "Zaosu" pear with L-lysine 27 was reported, indicating that these PAAs support the maintenance of the cell wall structure and cell membrane integrity and in turn mediate antifungal resistance in harvested fruit.…”