Butterfly fauna in Mount Gariwang-san, Korea

Abstract

a b s t r a c tThe aim of this study is to elucidate butterfly fauna in Mt. Gariwang-san, Korea. A field survey was conducted from 2010 to 2015 using the line transect method. A literature survey was also conducted. A total of 2,037 butterflies belonging to 105 species were recorded. In the estimation of species richness of butterfly, 116 species were estimated to live in Mt. Gariwang-san. In butterfly fauna in Mt. Gariwang-san, the percentage of northern species was very high and the percentage of grassland species was relatively higher than that of forest edge species and forest interior species. Sixteen red list species were found. In particular, Mimathyma nycteis was only recorded in Mt. Gariwang-san. When comparing the percentage of northern species and southern species including those recorded in previous studies, the percentage of northern species was found to have decreased significantly whereas that of southern species increased. We suggest that the butterfly community, which is distributed at relatively high altitudes on Mt. Gariwang-san, will gradually change in response to climate change.

Inter-annual Variations of True Species Richness in a Subtropical Butterfly Assemblage: An Estimation Based on Least-biased Extrapolations of Species Accumulation Curves

“…Lee and coworkers [12] conducted a series of samplings of the butterfly fauna at Mount Gariwang-san (South Korea), during 1987 and from years 2010 to 2015. All details relative to the sampling procedure, the environment context, the list of recorded species with their respective abundances are provided in [12] with free access and, accordingly, will not be recalled here.…”

“…Lee and coworkers [12] conducted a series of samplings of the butterfly fauna at Mount Gariwang-san (South Korea), during 1987 and from years 2010 to 2015. All details relative to the sampling procedure, the environment context, the list of recorded species with their respective abundances are provided in [12] with free access and, accordingly, will not be recalled here. Accounting for species abundances is of prime interest in the perspective of the extrapolation of partial samplings, since abundance data provides estimates of the numbers f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4 ,…, f x , … of those species recorded respectively 1-, 2-, 3-, …, x-times in the realised partial sampling.…”

“…Hereafter, I consider the field data issued from a long-term study (seven years) of butterfly assemblages at Mount Gariwang-san (South Korea) carried on by Lee and et al [12]. As mentioned by the authors, each successive samplings performed along the seven investigated years, remain more or less substantially incomplete.…”

“…Data directly derived from Table Histogram of the number R 0 of recorded species for the seven investigated years and for all seven years pooled together4. DISCUSSIONLee and coworkers[12] have conducted a series of samplings of the butterfly fauna at Mount Gariwang-san (South Korea), during 1987 and from 2010 to 2015. As part of their report, the authors provide, in particular, a detailed account of the inter-annual variations of the recorded species richness.…”

Extrapolation of the Species Accumulation Curve Associated to “Chao” Estimator of the Number of Unrecorded Species: A Mathematically Consistent Derivation

“…* Comparing the extrapolations associated to "Chao" and "Jackknife" respectively: an illustrative case study A survey of butterfly fauna at Mount Gariwangsan, Korea [11], was conducted along years 2010 to 2015, encompassing 2037 observed individuals and 105 recorded species, with f 1 = 13.6 and f 2 = 15.2 (values obtained after prescribed regression of the crude values of the f x , in order to reduce the consequences of stochastic dispersion [7]). Accordingly, the estimated number of unrecorded species is ∆ Ch = f 1 2 /(2 f 2 )) = 6.1 according to "Chao" estimator and ∆ J2 = 2f 1 -f 2 = 12.0 according to "Jackknife-2" estimator (with corresponding total species richness estimated to 111 or 117 species respectively).…”