Burdened Alcohol Anamnesis as a Risk Factor Associated With the Violation of the Penitentiary Order by Prisoners-Recidivists

Correctional influence on juvenile convicts is one of the priorities of the penitentiary system of the Russian Federation. Even though there is a trend for a reduction in the level of juvenile crimes in Russia, new approaches to their prevention are needed. The effectiveness of correctional influence directly depends on the systemic and complex character of its implementation. It is necessary to take into account the criminological characteristics of the analyzed category of convicts, which will make it possible to fully and accurately determine key trends of preventing repeat offences by juveniles and of helping their re-socialization. This work should be based on data that objectively reflect the characteristics of inmates in educational penal colonies. One of the fundamental ways of obtaining objective data is a census. The goal of this research was to carry out a census of all underage inmates in the penitentiary institutions in October 2019, to collect information on the criminological characteristics of minors, to identify the trends for their changes and to use the obtained information in the preventive work with them. The authors studied all inmates (1 214 people) in all 23 penitentiary institutions for juvenile delinquents in Russia. Research results were used to create a generalized criminological portrait of a juvenile inmate. It is a male person (91,5 %), 16-17 years of age (67,3 %) who lived in an urban area prior to conviction (58,4 %), studied in a comprehensive secondary school (72,0 %), lived in a dysfunctional or socially vulnerable family (86,6 %; single-parent family - 40,4 %), who has borderline psychiatric (48,3 %) or drug-related (16,2 %) disorders (they do not impair sanity, but influence the mechanisms of deviant behavior), who has no work experience (89,6 %), no prior convictions (67,9 %) for intentional very grave crimes (50,2 %), mostly committed without accomplices. Only 8 % claim that they respect the traditions of criminal subculture and want to be professional criminals in the future. In almost half of the cases (48,4 %), the imprisonment sentence does not exceed 3 years. The obtained results can be used to improve the practice of preventive work with juvenile delinquents, their re-socialization and the future development of criminology.

Section: ключевые словаunclassified

Criminological Characteristics of Minors in Penitentiary Institutions According to the 2019 Census

Suslov

Kulakova

Makarenko

et al. 2020

“…В виктимологии выделяют виктимологические ситуации, представляющие собой совокупность обстоятельств, в которых реализуется индивидуальная виктимность, рассматриваемые как единый причинно-следственный процесс. Например, лица, впервые осужденные к лишению свободы, не очень хорошо осведомлены об обычаях и традициях тюремной субкультуры или вообще не знают их, что порождает конфликтные ситуации между ними и лицами, имеющими опыт лишения свободы, хорошо знающими эти обычаи и традиции, завершающиеся совершением противоправных (преступных) действий [12]. Анализ криминальной активности осужденных исследуемой группы показал, что основная их часть (41,9 %) была приговорена к лишению свободы за совершение преступлений против собственности, доля осужденных за преступления против жизни и здоровья составила 28,8 %, против здоровья населения и общественной нравственности -15,1 %, половой неприкосновенности и половой свободы личности -6,3 %, общественной безопасности -3,4 %.…”

Section: ключевые словаunclassified

Victimological Safety of Persons Sentenced to Imprisonment: Conceptual Aspects

Смирнов

2020

The author presents the conceptual basis of an independent trend in victimology - the victimological safety of persons sentenced to imprisonment. The independence of this trend is justified by the existence of its own subject, object, aim, its theoretical and practical relevance, which are described in this paper. It is suggested that the victimological safety of convicts should be understood as the situation when their rights are protected during their imprisonment in correctional institutions. The research of the victimological safety of convicts is necessary because correctional institutions are highly criminogenic, and inmates are potentially predisposed to be victims of criminal behavior. The author enumerates factors influencing the victimity of inmates: personal traits of convicts (light-mindedness, casual behavior, customary use of swearwords that compensate for a poor vocabulary, etc.); character of the crime for which a person is convicted; psychological climate in the community of inmates, level of law and order maintained in the correctional institution; other factors determining the status of a convict in the penitentiary social environment. The author also presents a typology of convicts who become victims of criminal infringements; characterizes inmates placed in isolation for the reasons of personal safety; enumerates the most victimogenic categories of convicts in places of confinement; points out causes and conditions that victimize the personality of a convict in correctional institutions. The results of the conducted research are used to work out the preventive measures of ensuring the victimological safety of convicts, including organizational-management, regime, investigation and search and educational-psychological work. The information of this article has a practical value and can improve the effectiveness of work aimed at ensuring the safety of inmates, as well as the general situation with law and order in Russian penitentiary institutions.

“…Портретирование неустановленного преступника -творческая деятельность, состоящая в воссоздании имевших место вариантов поведения, выявлении причин, характера и особенностей противоправного поведения различными средствами, при этом очевидна необходимость интеграции знаний наук криминального цикла [20][21][22].…”

Section: характеристика различий в содержании цифрового и традиционноunclassified

Digital Criminology: the Mmethod of Digital Profiling of an Unidentified Criminal's Behavior

Sukhodolov

Kaluzhina

Спасенников

et al. 2019

The authors examine the specific features of the digital environment to analyze contemporary approaches to the system of instruments of studying illegal actions in cyberspace. They state that law enforcement bodies should adapt key characteristics of the digital environment to the accomplishment of investigation tasks. The authors analyze the possibilities offered by digital profiling and modeling of the digital profile (portrait) of an unidentified criminal through mathematical methods of modeling and prediction in investigating and solving serial crimes, including cybercrimes. An extensive review of Russian and foreign publications is used to study the evolution of scientific ideas regarding the profiling method, which is the basis for the digital profiling of the behavioral model of an unidentified criminal in the digital environment. It is stated that none of the branches of criminal law, including criminology and criminalistics, could alone solve the interdisciplinary problem of the investigation and detection of crimes in the digital environment. The authors prove that it is necessary to integrate the knowledge of these branches and to conduct interdisciplinary research involving experts, i.e. to duly streamline the organization of those activities that together make up the investigation and detection of crimes. Based on the content of the concept «modus operandi», which lies at the heart of building an abstract model of criminal behavior, they conclude that it could be used to investigate and solve crimes in the digital environment and determine the specific features of the content of its structural elements. The comparative analysis of the contents of the key stages of profiling is used to prove the expediency of employing the whole range of logical and mathematical methods of analysis to process and analyze criminological information, which leads to the necessity of both critically reviewing them and finding ways to go beyond the traditional approaches. The authors describe the essence of the mathematical extrapolation method, which is most commonly used in criminology for the quantitative analysis of knowledge regarding objects, phenomena, processes, as well as the possibility of using it in digital profiling. As a result of this research based on the systemic approach, the authors state the objective character of links between the traditional and the digital profiling, point out the existing links and regularities, which allow them to reduce the essence of the examined phenomena to building a model through the recreation, in the process of investigation, of the mental trace pattern and then using it to find the guilty person.