Building of the Al-containing Secondary Raw Materials Registry for the Production of Low CO2 Mineral Binders in South-Eastern European Region

Abstract

The bottleneck in the process for increasing production of low CO2 mineral binders, based on BCSA (belite sulfoaluminate) clinkers, is the availability of Al-rich raw materials. For that purpose, a new registry of Al-containing secondary mineral residues (industrial and mine waste) has been developed and is presented in this paper. The methodology of creating the registry consists of three main steps: Gathering ideas, consolidation of ideas, and implementation. In order to achieve this, the following methodology was adopted: Analysis of similar registries by potential end-users and seeking potential solutions and tools to be used, and conducting 3 rounds of stakeholder consultations via workshops in order to determine crucial parameters and features the registry needs to contain. The key discussion points were about which data the registry needs to contain, who shall be the potential users, and what are the stakeholder’s expectations from the registry’s portal. Potential individual registry variables were identified as being relevant/irrelevant or available/unavailable, and potential solutions for the registry’s sustainability were explored. Each Al-rich waste/residue data entry is divided into 10 slots, describing legal status, location, quantities, chemical (REE included), mineralogical, physical and radiological properties, life-cycle assessment, additional data, and data relevancy. The registry will act as a matchmaking tool between producers/holders of Al-rich secondary raw materials and potential producers of cement clinkers.

Technical and radiological characterisation of fly ash and bottom ash from thermal power plant

“…This study presents part of the results of RIS ALiCE registry [21] developed for Al-containing secondary mineral residues (industrial and mine wastes/ by-products) as a base for increased production of low CO 2 mineral binders, based on belite-sulfoaluminmate clinkers (BCSA) in ESEE region [22]. This work aimed to determine the technical and radiological characterization of the fly ash (fresh and landfilled/ historical) and bottom ash from the thermal power plant REK Bitola, Republic of North Macedonia and to foresee the potential for their utilization.…”

Hydrogen-Rich Gas Produced by the Chemical Neutralization of Reactive By-Products from the Screening Processes of the Secondary Aluminum Industry

“…The creation and implementation of registries of Al-rich wastes and by-products [5], coupled with platforms such as the Bureau of International Recycling [32], will strongly help the possibility of acting as matchmaking between (i) producers/holders and (ii) potential industries seeking secondary Al raw materials to enhance the sustainability and performance of their products (e.g., as filler or for cement binders). If the present laboratory procedure of chemical neutralization of the metallic aluminum-rich byproducts will be transferred to an industrialized process, the recovered residual material could certainly be recorded in such registries and therefore the most appropriate use and The starting material (50% V.FG + 50% V.UBC), having an aluminum content of 14 wt.% and an Al phase detected by XRD (Figure 4), shows a negative Loss on Ignition of −31.05 wt.%.…”

“…Other reactions (below) tend to evolve at the operating temperatures of the metallurgical process. Aluminum sulfide can produce hydrogen sulfide (4); aluminum carbide may generate methane (5); whereas aluminum phosphide can produce phosphine (6):…”

“…The Hall-Héroult process (simultaneously discovered in 1886 by Charles Martin Hall and Paul Héroult) then allows for aluminum to be refined from alumina by means of electrolysis. The efforts in recovering (and minimizing) wastes from mining exploitation of bauxite ores to the end of the Bayer process is growing, to assure that secondary Al raw materials and by-products would meet all stakeholders' requirements [5]. Nevertheless, the primary aluminum industry is less sustainable than secondary aluminum production, which uses recycled scraps (e.g., beverage cans and domestic appliances) instead of natural raw geomaterial (i.e., the bauxite ores for the primary aluminum industry).…”

Design of High Volume CFBC Fly Ash Based Calcium Sulphoaluminate Type Binder in Mixtures with Ordinary Portland Cement

“…25–35% [ 2 ]. Additionally, different industrial waste materials have been used for CSA clinker production, like the “red mud” from the Bayer process of alumina production [ 17 , 18 ], phosphogypsum [ 19 ], coal combustion fly ash and flue gas desulphurisation wastes [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”